【语法信息】：V n
【FIELD标签】：JOURNALISM 新闻

Steve Bull notched his 200th goal for Wolves as they beat Leicester 3-0...史蒂夫·布尔为狼队攻入了他的第200粒进球，他们以3比0击败了莱斯特队。
The President is keen to notch a political triumph that would foster freer world trade and faster economic growth.总统渴望获得政治胜利，以促使世界贸易更为自由，经济发展更为迅速。

3.N-COUNT 可数名词 V形槽口;圆形切口 A notch is a small V-shaped or circular cut in the surface or edge of something.

【语法信息】：V P n (not pron)
【语法信息】：Also V n P
【FIELD标签】：JOURNALISM 新闻

He had notched up more than 25 victories worldwide...他已赢得了超过25次国际级别赛事的胜利。
The economy is expanding, notching up high growth rates.经济在发展，实现了高增长率。


【搭配模式】：PHR cl
【语用信息】：emphasis

Not for nothing was the plane called 'The widow-maker'...这种飞机被称作“寡妇机”是事出有因的。
It's not for nothing that interior decorators the world over look to the English country garden for glorious inspiration.全世界的室内设计师都希望从英国乡村花园汲取美妙的灵感，这并非没有道理。

18.PHRASE 短语 不付代价的收益;不劳而获 If you say that someone is getting something for nothing, you disapprove of the fact that they are getting what they want without doing or giving anything in return.


1.N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词 新奇性;新颖 Novelty is the quality of being different, new, and unusual.
【搭配模式】：oft the N of n

In the contemporary western world, rapidly changing styles cater to a desire for novelty and individualism.在当代西方社会，快速变化的时尚迎合了人们追求新奇和个性的需求。

2.N-COUNT 可数名词 新奇的事物 A novelty is something that is new and therefore interesting.

【搭配模式】：ADV with be
【语用信息】：emphasis

Nowhere is language a more serious issue than in Hawaii...没有哪个地方像夏威夷那样，语言成了如此重要的问题。
This kind of forest exists nowhere else in the world...在世界其他地方找不到这样的森林。
If you are extremely rich, you could stay nowhere better than the Ruislip Court Hotel.如果你非常有钱，那就住赖斯利普宫廷酒店吧，没有比它更好的地方了。

2.ADV-INDEF-NEG 否定不定副词 没有任何地方;无处 You use nowhere when making negative statements to say that a suitable place of the specified kind does not exist.
【搭配模式】：be ADV

There was nowhere to hide and nowhere to run...无处可藏，也无处可逃。
I have nowhere else to go, nowhere in the world...我没有其他地方可去，在这个世界上没有任何地方。
He had nowhere to call home.他根本没有可称为家的地方。



4.N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词 (排名)第…号 You can refer to someone's or something's position in a list of the most successful or most popular of a particular type of thing as, for example, number one or number two.
【搭配模式】：N num

...the world number one, Tiger Woods...世界排名第一的泰格·伍兹
Before you knew it, the single was at Number 90 in the US singles charts...转眼之间这张单曲唱片已在美国单曲唱片排行榜上排名第90位了。
Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy' is number two in the best-seller lists.维克拉姆·塞思的《如意郎君》在畅销书排行榜中排名第二。


1.VERB 动词 消灭;毁掉;清除 If something obliterates an object or place, it destroys it completely.
【语法信息】：V n

Their warheads are enough to obliterate the world several times over...他们拥有的弹头足以将世界毁灭好几次。
Whole villages were obliterated by fire.整座整座的村庄都被大火所吞噬。obliteration


★☆☆ obscurity ●○○○○

1.N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词 无名；默默无闻 Obscurity is the state of being known by only a few people.

For the lucky few, there's the chance of being plucked from obscurity and thrown into the glamorous world of modelling...只有极少数幸运儿才有机会从籍籍无名中脱颖而出，进入光鲜亮丽的模特圈。
The latter half of his life was spent in obscurity and loneliness.他在默默无闻中孤独地度过了后半生。


【搭配模式】：with supp

...the Amazon basin.亚马孙河流域

4.N-COUNT 可数名词 盆地；洼地 In geography, a basin is a particular region of the world where the earth's surface is lower than in other places.
【搭配模式】：with supp
【FIELD标签】：TECHNICAL 术语

2.N-COUNT 可数名词 （为争取成功或控制权的）斗争，冲突 A battle is a conflict in which different people or groups compete in order to achieve success or control.
【搭配模式】：usu with supp

...a renewed political battle over Britain's attitude to Europe.围绕英国对欧洲的态度问题展开的新一轮政治斗争
...the eternal battle between good and evil in the world.世界上正义与邪恶的永恒斗争
...a macho battle for supremacy...男性为争取支配地位而进行的斗争He was appalled to discover members of the board fighting damaging personal battles.他惊恐地发现董事会成员正在进行你死我活的私人争斗。


1. used to emphasize how inoffensive and harmless a person or animal is • （人，动物）不伤人的，温和的

【语源】1. Old English flȳge, flēoge, denoting any winged insect, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch vlieg and German Fliege, also to flyfly³
◙ (flyer, flyest), [informal] [非正式]
1. [Brit.] knowing and clever; worldly-wise • [英] 机灵的，善于处世的
»she's fly enough not to get done out of it. 她很机灵，不会被淘汰。
2. [N. Amer.] stylish and fashionable • [北美] 时髦的，流行的

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★☆☆ flycatcher
/ ˈflaiˌkætʃə /◙ noun
1. a perching bird that catches flying insects, especially in short flights from a perch • 鹟
2. Typical Old World flycatchers belong to the family Muscicapidae. Many others belong to the Old World family Monarchidae (monarch and paradise flycatchers) and the New World family Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers), while some belong to families Eopsaltridae [Australasia] , Platysteiridae [Africa] , and Bombycillidae [America] • 典型的东半球鹟科。许多其他鹟属东半球的王鹟科和西半球的霸鹟科，还有一些属于鸲鹟科鸲鹟属（澳大拉西亚），疣眼瘤鹟科（非洲）和太平鸟科（美洲）




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★☆☆ Folsom
/ ˈfɔlsəm /◙ noun
1. [usu. as modifier] [Archaeology] a Palaeo-Indian culture of Central and North America, dated to about 10,500–8,000 years ago. The culture is distinguished by fluted stone projectile points or spearheads [Folsom points] , the discovery of which (in 1926) forced a radical rethinking of the date at which humans first inhabited the New World • [考古] 弗尔萨姆文化（中北美洲古印第安人文化，距今10,500—8,000年，显著特征为有凹槽石头抛掷尖物或矛头，1926年该文化的发现迫使人的彻底反思新大陆上何时开始有人类居住这一问题）。
› compare Clovis




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★☆☆ foo fighter◙ noun
1. an unidentified flying object, originally one of a kind reported by US pilots during the Second World War, usually described as a bright light or ball of fire • 太空斗士（二战期间美军飞行员报告的一种不明飞行物，通常被描述为明亮的火光或火球）

【语源】1. 1940s: from ‘Where there's foo there's fire’, a nonsense catchphrase from the US Smoky Stover cartoon strip

◘ get (或 start) off on the right (或 wrong) foot
1. make a good (or bad) start at something, especially a task or relationship • （尤指任务或关系）开局好（或糟）
◘ have something at one's feet
1. have something in one's power or command • 掌握，控制
»a perfect couple with the world at their feet. 广受崇敬的完美一对。
◘ have (或 keep) one's (或 both) feet on the ground
1. be (or remain) practical and sensible • 注重实际，脚踏实地

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★☆☆ loofah
/ ˈlu:fə /◙ noun
1. a coarse, fibrous cylindrical object which is used like a bath sponge for washing. It consists of the dried fibrous matter of the fluid-transport system of a marrow-like fruit • 丝瓜瓤
2. the tropical Old World climbing plant of the gourd family which produces these fruits, which are also edible • 丝瓜
3. Luffa cylindrica, family Cucurbitaceae • 拉丁名Luffa cylindrica，葫芦科


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★☆☆ loosestrife
/ ˈlu:sˌstraif /◙ noun
1. any of a number of tall plants which bear upright spikes of flowers and grow by water and in wet ground • 排草属植物
2. several plants of the genus Lythrum (family Lythraceae), in particular the purple loosestrife [L. salicaria] of the Old World several plants of the genus Lysimachia (family Primulaceae), in particular the yellow loosestrife [L. vulgaris] of Eurasia • 模式属，千屈菜科，尤指东半球的紫色排草属植物（拉丁名L. salicaria） 金钱草属，报春花科，尤指欧亚地区黄色排草属植物（拉丁名L. vulgaris）

【语源】1. mid 16th cent.: from loose + strife, taking the Greek name lusimakheion (actually from Lusimakhos, the name of its discoverer) to be directly from luein 'undo' + makhê 'battle'



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★☆☆ Lorraine cross◙ noun
1. a cross with one vertical and two horizontal bars. It was the symbol of Joan of Arc, and in the Second World War was adopted by the Free French forces of General de Gaulle • 洛林十字（由两横一竖组成，是圣女贞德的标志，二战期间被戴高乐将军的“自由法国”武装部队采用）



»a fishing disaster in which 129 local men were lost. 一次导致129名当地男子死亡的渔难。
decrease in (body weight); undergo a reduction of (a specified amount of weight) • 减轻（体重）；减少（重量）
»she couldn't eat and began to lose weight. 她无法进食，体重开始下降。
waste or fail to take advantage of (time or an opportunity) • 未能赶上；错过（时间，机会）
»he may have lost his chance of taking over as world No. 1. 他可能已经错过夺取世界冠军的机会。
»the government lost no time in holding fresh elections. 政府抓紧时间举行新选举。
(of a watch or clock) become slow by (a specified amount of time) • （钟表）变慢（若干时间）



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★☆☆ lost generation◙ noun
1. the generation reaching maturity during and just after the First World War, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years • 战死的精英一代（指第一次世界大战中阵亡的青年精英）
an unfulfilled generation coming to maturity during a period of instability • 迷惘的一代


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★☆☆ louche
/ lu:ʃ /◙ adjective
1. disreputable or sordid in a rakish or appealing way • 声名狼藉的，浪荡的
»the louche world of the theatre. 这个剧院声名狼藉的环境。

【语源】1. early 19th cent.: from French, literally squinting'

Louis XV (1710–74), great-grandson and successor of Louis XIV, reigned 1715–74. He led France into the Seven Years War (1756–63) • 路易十五（1710–1774，路易十四的曾孙和继承者，1715–1774年在位，领导法国卷入了“七年战争”， [1756–1763] ）
Louis XVI (1754–93), grandson and successor of Louis XV, reigned 1774–92. His minor concessions and reforms in the face of the emerging French Revolution proved disastrous. As the Revolution became more extreme, he was executed with his wife, Marie Antoinette, and the monarchy was abolished • 路易十六（1754–1793，路易十五的孙子和继承者，1774–1792年在位；他在面对法国大革命时所做的微小让步和改革被证明是灾难性的，革命愈演愈烈，他和皇后玛丽•安托瓦妮特被绞死，君主政体被废除）
Louis XVII (1785–1795), son of Louis XVI, titular king who died in prison during the Revolution • 路易十七（1785–1795，路易十六的儿子，无实权，在法国革命中死于狱中）
Louis XVIII (1755–1824), brother of Louis XVI, reigned 1814–24. After his nephew Louis XVII's death he became titular king in exile until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when he returned to Paris on the summons of Talleyrand and was officially restored to the throne • 路易十八（1755–1824，路易十六的弟弟，1814–1824年在位；在其侄子路易十七死后，被剥夺实权并被放逐，直到1814年拿破仑王国覆灭，受塔列朗的邀请回到巴黎，并正式重登王位）Louis²
1. Joe (1914–81), American boxer; born Joseph Louis Barrow; known as the Brown Bomber. He was heavyweight champion of the world 1937–49, defending his title twenty-five times during that period • 路易斯，乔(1914–1981，美国拳击手；出生名约瑟夫•路易斯•巴罗；通称“黑色轰炸机”；1937–1949年一直保持重量级拳王的称号，并在此期间25次卫冕）





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★☆☆ lower regions◙ plural noun
1. (archaic)hell or the underworld • [古] 地狱；冥府




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★☆☆ Mahdi
/ ˈmɑ:di(:) /◙ (pl. Mahdis)
1. (in popular Muslim belief) a spiritual and temporal leader who will rule before the end of the world and restore religion and justice • 马赫迪（伊斯兰教信仰中世界末日之前统治世界并复兴宗教和正义的领袖）
a person claiming to be this leader, notably Muhammad Ahmad of Dongola in Sudan (1843–85), whose revolutionary movement captured Khartoum and overthrew the Egyptian regime • 自称救世主的人（主要指苏丹栋古拉的穆罕默德•阿赫默德 ［1843–1885］，他领导的革命运动占领了喀土穆，推翻了埃及政权）
(in Shiite belief) the twelfth imam, who is expected to return and triumph over injustice • （什叶派信仰被期待归来战胜非正义的）第十二代伊玛目

[with modifier] an officer in charge of a section of band instruments • 乐器长
»a trumpet major. 小号长。
2. [Music] a major key, interval, or scale • [乐] 大调；大音程；大音阶
[Bell-ringing] a system of change-ringing using eight bells • [响铃] 八钟变化鸣铃（法）
3. a major world organization, company, or competition • 主要世界性组织（或公司、比赛）
4. [N. Amer.] a student's principal subject or course • [北美] 主修科目；主修课程
[often with modifier] a student specializing in a specified subject • 主修学生

[with infinitive] act as if one is about to perform an action • 似乎要
»she made as if to leave the room. 她似乎要离开房间。
8. (informal, chiefly N. Amer.)induce (someone) to have sexual intercourse with one • [非正式，主北美] 求欢；诱奸
»he had been trying to make Cynthia for two years now. 两年来他一直企图和辛西娅发生性关系。
»his alleged quest to make it with the world's most attractive women. 他所谓的搞到世上最妩媚女人的追求。
9. (in bridge, whist, and similar games) win (a trick) • （桥牌、惠斯特牌等）赢（一墩牌）
win a trick with (a card) • 打出（一张牌）赢一墩牌

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★☆☆ make-believe
/ ˈmeɪkbɪˌli:v /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] the action of pretending or imagining, typically that things are better than they really are • （尤指按照所希望的方向）假装；假想
»she's living in a world of make-believe. 她生活在想像的世界里。
◙ adjective
1. imitating something real; pretend • 仿造的，仿制的；假装的；假想的


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★☆☆ mal du siècle
/ ˌmæl d(j)u: ˈsjɛkl /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] world-weariness • 世纪病；厌世

【语源】1. French, literally sickness of the century.'



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★☆☆ horseshoe bat◙ noun
1. an insectivorous Old World bat with a horseshoe-shaped ridge on the nose • 菊头蝠
2. Family Rhinolophidae and genus Rhinolophus: numerous species • 菊头蝠科，菊头蝠属： 众多种


1. a person who receives or entertains other people as guests • （招待客人的）主人
a person, place, or organization that holds and organizes an event to which others are invited • 主办者，主办地，主办方
»Innsbruck once played host to the Winter Olympics. 因斯布鲁克曾经主办过冬季奥运会。
an area in which particular living things are found • 独特的生物发现之地，…之家
»Australia is host to some of the world's most dangerous animals. 澳大利亚是世界上一些最危险的动物之家。
(often humorous)the landlord or landlady of a pub • [常幽默] 酒馆（或旅店、客栈）的老板（或老板娘）
» mine host raised his glass of whisky. 我住的旅店的老板举起了他手中的威士忌。


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★☆☆ housefly
/ ˈhaʊsˌflaɪ /◙ (pl. -flies)
1. a common small fly occurring worldwide in and around human habitation. Its eggs are laid in decaying material, and the fly can be a health hazard due to its contamination of food • 家蝇
2. Musca domestica, family Muscidae • 拉丁名Musca domestica，蝇科



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★☆☆ house gecko◙ noun
1. a large-eyed nocturnal gecko of the Old World tropics, occupying a range of habitats including houses • 家壁虎
2. Hemidactylus, Gehyra, and other genera, family Gekkonidae: several species, including H. mabouia of Africa and tropical America, and G. mutilata of Asia • 蜥虎属、截趾虎属及其他属，壁虎科： 数种，包括非洲和热带美洲的南半球蜥虎和亚洲的截趾虎



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★☆☆ HTML
/ ˌeɪtʃti:emˈel /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [Computing] Hypertext Mark-up Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, colour, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages • [计算机] 超文本标记语言



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★☆☆ HTTP
/ ˌeɪtʃti:ti:ˈpi: /əɔomputing] ə计算机]
◙ for abbreviation
1. Hypertext Transport (or Transfer) Protocol, the data transfer protocol used on the World Wide Web • 超文本传送协议






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★☆☆ Hudson Bay1. a large inland sea in NE Canada. It is the largest inland sea in the world and is connected to the North Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson Strait • 哈得孙湾（位加拿大东北部，是世界上最大的内陆海，通过哈得孙海峡和北大西洋相连）

【语源】1. named after the explorer Henry Hudson (see Hudson ), who discovered it in 1610



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★☆☆ HughesHughes¹
1. Ted (b. 1930), English poet; full name Edward James Hughes. His vision of the natural world as a place of violence, terror, and beauty pervades his work. He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1984. Hughes was married to Sylvia Plath • 休斯，泰德（生于1930年，英国诗人；全名爱德华•詹姆斯•休斯，他把自然界看作一个既有暴力、恐惧，又有美丽的地方，这种看法充斥于他的作品之中，1984年当选桂冠诗人；夫人是普拉思•西尔维亚）Hughes²
1. Howard [Robard] (1905–76), American industrialist, film producer, and aviator. He made his fortune through the Hughes Tool Company, made his debut as a film director in 1926, and from 1935 to 1938 broke many world aviation records. For the last twenty-five years of his life he lived as a recluse • 休斯，霍华德（•罗巴德）(1905–1976，美国实业家，电影制片人，飞行家；他用其休斯工具公司的盈利于1926年导演了第一部电影，1935–1938年间打破了许多世界飞行纪录；在生命中最后25年过着隐士的生活）Hughes³
1. [James Mercer] Langston (1902–67), American writer. He began a prolific literary career with The Weary Blues (1926), a series of poems on black themes using blues and jazz rhythms. Other poetry collections include The Negro Mother (1931) • 休斯，（詹姆斯•默瑟•）兰斯顿(1902–1967，美国作家，以《萎靡的布鲁斯》 ［1926］开始了多产的文学生涯，该作品为运用布鲁斯和爵士乐韵律写成的一系列黑人主题的诗歌；其他诗集包括《黑人母亲》 [1931] ）


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★☆☆ ox tongue◙ noun
1. the tongue of an ox • 牛舌
[mass noun] the meat from this when cooked as food • （菜肴）牛舌
2. an Old World plant of the daisy family with yellow dandelion-like flowers and prickly hairs on the stem and leaves • 毛莲菜
3. Genus Picris, family Compositae • 毛莲菜属，菊科


2. a true oyster (family Ostreidae), in particular the edible common European oyster [Ostrea edulis] and American oyster [Crassostrea virginica] with modifiera similar bivalve of another family, in particular the thorny oysters [Spondylidae] , wing oysters [Pteriidae] , and saddle oysters [Anomiidae] • 真牡蛎（牡蛎科），尤指可食用的食用牡蛎（拉丁名Ostrea edulis）及贞洁巨牡蛎（拉丁名Crassostrea virginica） 牡蛎状双壳类软体动物，尤指棘牡蛎（海菊蛤科），翅牡蛎（珍珠贝科）及马鞍牡蛎（不等蛤科）
[mass noun] the colour oyster white • （颜色）牡蛎白
3. an oyster-shaped morsel of meat on each side of the backbone in poultry • （鸡脊骨两边的）蚝状鸡背肉

【IDIOMS】◘ the world is your oyster
1. you are in a position to take the opportunities that life has to offer • 你可随心所欲了





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★☆☆ Pacific Ocean1. the largest of the world's oceans, lying between America to the east and Asia and Australasia to the west • 太平洋






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★☆☆ Packer1. Kerry [Francis Bullmore] (b.1937), Australian media entrepreneur. He launched the ‘World Series Cricket’ tournaments (1977–9), engaging many leading cricketers in defiance of the wishes of cricket's ruling bodies • 帕克，克里（弗朗西斯•布尔默）(1937年出生，澳大利亚媒体企业家，他不顾板球运动管理组织的反对，发起了有许多第一流的板球运动员参加的“世界系列板球”联赛 [1977–1979] ）




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★☆☆ pacu
/ pæˈku:, ˈpæku: /◙ [复同单]
1. a deep-bodied herbivorous freshwater fish native to northern South America, which has been introduced into the Old World • 黑鳍淡水白鲳
2. Colossoma nigripinnis, family Characidae • 拉丁名Colossoma nigripinnis，脂鲤科


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★☆☆ padauk
/ pəˈdauk /◙ (也作 padouk), noun
1. [mass noun] timber from a tropical tree of the pea family, resembling rosewood • 紫檀木
2. the large hardwood tree of the Old World tropics which is widely grown for this timber. Some kinds yield a red dye which is used for religious and ritual purposes • 紫檀
3. Genus Pterocarpus, family Leguminosae: three species, in particular African padauk [P. soyauxii] • 紫檀属，豆科：3种，尤指非洲紫檀（拉丁名P. soyauxii）



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★☆☆ pagan
/ ˈpeɪgən /◙ noun
1. a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions • 异教徒（指非世界主要宗教的教徒）
(dated, derogatory)a non-Christian • [旧，贬] 非基督教徒
an adherent of neopaganism • 新异教主义者




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★☆☆ Page1. Sir Frederick Handley (1885–1962), English aircraft designer. He is noted for designing the first twin-engined bomber (1915), as well as the Halifax heavy bombers of the Second World War • 佩奇，弗雷德里克•汉德利爵士(1885-1962，英国飞机设计师，因设计第一架双引擎轰炸机 [1915] 并在第二次世界大战中设计哈利法克斯重型轰炸机而闻名）




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★☆☆ painted snipe◙ noun
1. a small long-billed wading bird which has brown plumage with bold and colourful markings • 彩鹬
2. Family Rostratulidae: two species, in particular Rostratula benghalensis of the Old World • 彩鹬科：2种，尤指东半球的彩鹬



/ ˈeiljən /◙ adjective
1. belonging to a foreign country or nation • 外国的，异族的
unfamiliar and disturbing or distasteful • 陌生（而令人烦扰或讨厌）的
»principles that are alien to them. 对他们来说的陌生原则。
relating to or denoting beings supposedly from other worlds; extraterrestrial • 与外星人有关的；与地球外有关的
»an alien spacecraft. 一个外星飞行器。
(of a plant or animal species) introduced from another country and later naturalized • （植物或动物种类）外来的
◙ noun
1. a foreigner, especially one who is not a naturalized citizen of the country where he or she is living • 外国人（尤指非本地公民），外侨
»an enemy alien. 一个外族敌人。
a hypothetical or fictional being from another world • 外星人
a plant or animal species originally introduced from another country and later naturalized • （植物、动物种类的）外国引进品种


shining brightly • 闪亮的
»[as adj.] a single lamp was alight. 一盏孤灯闪亮。
»the boy's face was alight with excitement. 男孩的脸兴奋得发亮。

【IDIOMS】◘ set the world (或 the place) alight
1. [informal] achieve something which causes great excitement and makes one famous • [非正式] 非常成功，非常走红


1. [with obj.] place or arrange (things) in a straight line • 将（物品）排成直线，使排列成行
»gently brush the surface to align the fibres. 轻拂表面以理顺纤维织物。
put (things) into correct or appropriate relative positions • 将（物品）放入正确（或合适）位置
»the fan blades are carefully aligned. 扇叶被小心地排列着。
»aligning domestic prices with prices in world markets. 按照世界市场价格定国内价格。
[no obj.] lie in a straight line, or in correct relative positions • 排成直线，恰当排列
»the pattern of the border at the joint should align perfectly. 结合处的边界花纹要完美排列。

◙ adverb
1. used for emphasis • [用于强调]
completely • 完全
»dressed all in black. 周身着黑。
»she's been all round the world. 她去过世界各地。
»all by himself. 独自。
[Brit. informal] used to emphasize a temporary quality • [英，非正式] [用于强调暂时的性质] 全然，完全

/ əˈlaɪd , ˈælˌaɪd /◙ adjective
1. joined by or relating to members of an alliance • 联盟的
»allied territories. 联盟地区。
»the allied fleet. 联盟舰队。
[一般作 Allied] of or relating to Britain and her allies in the First and Second World Wars and after • （第一、二次世界大战中及以后英国和其盟国结成的）协约国（或同盟国）
»the liberation of Paris by Allied troops. 盟军对巴黎的解放。
[predic.] (allied to/with)in combination or working together with • 与…结合，与…共事

◙ (pl. -ies)
1. a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose, typically by treaty • （尤指通过条约以军事等为目的的）结盟
a person or organization that cooperates with or helps another in a particular activity • 同盟者，同盟
»he was forced to dismiss his closest political ally. 他被迫解散他最亲密的政治同盟。
(the Allies)a group of nations taking military action together, in particular the countries that fought with Britain in the First and Second World Wars • 协约国，同盟国
◙ (-ies, -ied)
1. [with obj.] (ally something to/with)combine or unite a resource or commodity with (another) for mutual benefit • 与…结盟，结合，联合



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★☆☆ Alma-Tadema
/ ˌælməˈtædəmə /1. Sir ɚawrence (1836–1ˌ12), Dutch-born ɑritish painter. He is best known for lush genre scenes set in the ancient world • 阿尔玛塔德马，劳伦斯爵士（1836–1912， 出生于荷兰的英国画家，以描绘古代豪华场景而著称）




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★☆☆ aloe
/ ˈæləu /◙ noun
1. a succulent plant with a rosette of thick tapering leaves and bell-shaped or tubular flowers on long stems. Native to the Old World tropics, several kinds are cultivated commercially or as ornamentals • 芦荟
2. Genus Aloe, family Liliaceae (or Aloaceae) • 芦荟属，百合科（或芦荟科）
(aloes 或 bitter aloes)[mass noun] a strong laxative obtained from the bitter juice of various kinds of aloe • 芦荟中提取的泻药


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★☆☆ cebid
/ ˈsi:bid /◙ noun
1. [Zoology] a primate of a family [Cebidae] that includes most of the New World monkeys • [动] 悬猴科灵长类动物

【语源】1. late 19th cent.: from modern Latin Cebidae (plural), from the genus name Cebus


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★☆☆ penduline tit
/ ˈpɛndjʊlaɪn /◙ noun
1. a small tit-like Old World songbird that builds a nest suspended from a branch • 悬巢山雀
2. Family Remizidae: genera Anthoscopus (several species in Africa) and Remiz [R. pendulinus of Eurasia] • 攀雀科：帚花攀雀属（非洲数种）和攀雀属（欧亚攀雀）



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★☆☆ penicillin
/ ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn /◙ noun, [mass noun]
1. an antibiotic or group of antibiotics produced naturally by certain blue moulds, now usually prepared synthetically. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 and during the Second World War became the first antibiotic to be used by doctors • 青霉素，盘尼西林
2. a blue mould of a type that produces these antibiotics • （产生青霉素的）青霉
3. Genus Penicillium, subdivision Deuteromycotina • 青霉菌属，半知菌亚门



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★☆☆ penny black◙ noun
1. (historical)the world's first adhesive postage stamp, issued in Britain in 1840. It was printed in black with an effigy of Queen Victoria, and had a value of one penny • [史] 黑便士邮票（英国于1840年发行的世界上第一枚背面涂胶的邮票，被印成黑色，上有维多利亚女王肖像，面值为一便士）



»the recession clobbered other parts of the business. 经济衰退打击了其他商业部门。
defeat heavily • 大胜，大败
»[with obj. and complement] the Braves clobbered the Cubs 23–10. 勇士队以23比10大胜小熊队。

【语源】1. Second World War (apparently air force slang): of unknown originclobber³
◙ verb
1. [with obj.] add enamelled decoration to (porcelain) • 给（瓷器）涂釉


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★☆☆ cloistered
/ ˈklɔɪstəd /◙ adjective
1. kept away from the outside world; sheltered • 与世隔绝的；隐蔽的
»a cloistered upbringing. 与世隔绝的抚育。
2. having or enclosed by a cloister, as in a monastery • 有回廊的；包围于回廊内的

1. almost achieve or do • 几乎要，差一点做
»he came close to calling the Prime Minister a liar. 他差一点就开口骂首相是个骗子。
◘ run someone close
1. almost match the standards or level of achievement of someone else • 几乎赶上（某人的标准，水平）
»the Germans ran Argentina close in the 1986 World Cup final. 1986年世界杯决赛中德国队差点追平阿根廷队。
◘ too close for comfort
1. dangerously or uncomfortably near • 近得危险；近得不适



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★☆☆ clouded yellow◙ noun
1. a migratory Old World butterfly which has yellowish wings with black margins • 黑缘豆粉蝶
2. Genus Colias, family Pieridae: several species, in particular C. croceus • 豆粉蝶属，粉蝶科：数种，尤指镉黄豆粉蝶


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★☆☆ clubland
/ ˈklʌblænd /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [Brit.] an area of a town or city with many nightclubs • [英] 俱乐部区
the world of nightclubs and nightclubbers • 夜总会世界，夜总会天地



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★☆☆ clueless
/ ˈklu:lɪs /◙ adjective
1. [informal] having no knowledge, understanding, or ability • [非正式] 一无所知的；一窍不通的；无能为力的
»you're clueless about how to deal with the world. 你对如何应付世界一无所知。

【派生】♦ cluelessly adverb




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★☆☆ CN Tower1. a tower in Toronto, Canada, the tallest self-supporting man-made structure in the world when it was completed in 1976. It stands 553 m (1,815 ft) high including a 100 m (328 ft) communications mast • 加拿大国家电视塔（位于加拿大多伦多，1976年建成时为世界最高的人造自承结构，全高553米，即1,815英尺，包括一根100米，即328英尺高的信号桅）

【语源】1. CN from Canadian National [Railways]


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★☆☆ chthonic
/ ˈθɔnik /◙ (亦作 chthonian)θəʊnɪən), adjective
1. concerning, belonging to, or inhabiting the underworld • 阴间的，冥府的，地狱的
»a chthonic deity. 地府鬼神。



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★☆☆ chufa
/ ˈtʃʌfə /◙ noun
1. an Old World sedge which yields an edible tuber. It is cultivated on a small scale, particularly in some marshy regions of Spain and Italy • 铁荸荠，地栗，油莎豆，油莎草。(亦称 tiger nut)
2. Cyperus esculentus var. sativus, family Cyperaceae • 拉丁名Cyperus esculentus var. sativus，莎草科
[mass noun] the tuber of this plant, which may be roasted, made into flour, or turned into juice • 铁荸荠，油莎果（可烤食，磨粉，制果汁）

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★☆☆ chuffing
/ ˈtʃʌfiŋ /◙ adjective
1. [N. English. informal] used for emphasis or as a mild expletive • [北英格兰，非正式] ［用于加重语气或表示轻度愤怒］该死的
»the whole chuffing world's gone mad. 这整个该死的世界都发疯了。

【语源】1. 1980s: origin uncertain; perhaps related to chuff

★☆☆ Churchill
/ ˈtʃə:tʃil /ɔhurchill¹
1. ɔaryl (b.1ˌ38), ənglish dramatist. She is best known for the satire Serious Money (1ˌ86); written in rhyming couplets, it deals with 1ˌ80s speculators and the ethics of high finance • 丘吉尔，卡里尔（生于1938年，英格兰戏剧家。因其讽刺剧《严肃的金钱》［1986］闻名，此剧以对句押韵写成，描写20世纪80年代的投机商和高级金融界的道德观）Churchill²
1. Sir Winston [Leonard Spencer] (1874–1965), British Conservative statesman, Prime Minister 1940–5 and 1951–5 • 丘吉尔，温斯顿（•伦纳德•斯潘塞）爵士（1874–1965，英国保守党政治家，于1940–1945年，1951–1955年任首相）
2. He served as Home Secretary (1910–11) under the Liberals and as First Lord of the Admiralty 1911–15, but lost this post after the unsuccessful Allied attack on the Turks in the Dardanelles. A consistent opponent of appeasement between the wars, he replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister of the coalition government in 1940 and led Britain throughout the war, forging and maintaining the alliance which defeated the Axis Powers. His writings include The Second World War (1948–53) and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–8); he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953

【派生】♦ Churchillian adjective


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★☆☆ circumnavigate
/ ˌsə:kəmˈnæviɡeit /◙ verb
1. [with obj.] sail all the way around (something, especially the world) • 环航（尤指世界）
(humorous)go around or across (something) • [幽默] 绕过；穿过
»he helped her to circumnavigate a frozen puddle. 他帮助她绕过了一个结冰的水坑。


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★☆☆ cirl bunting
/ sə:l /◙ noun
1. an Old World bunting related to the yellowhammer, now rare in Britain. The male has a distinctive facial pattern and a black throat • 黄道眉鹀
2. Emberiza cirlus, family Emberizidae (subfamily Emberizinae) • 拉丁名Emberiza cirlus，鹀科（鹀亚科）


/ fɪˈnɔmənəl /◙ adjective
1. very remarkable; extraordinary • 显著的；杰出的；不寻常的，惊人的
»the town expanded at a phenomenal rate. 该城以惊人的速度扩大。
2. perceptible by the senses or through immediate experience • 感觉得到的，可感知的
»the phenomenal world. 可感知的世界。

【派生】♦ phenomenalize verb




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★☆☆ phoney war1. the period of comparative inaction at the beginning of the Second World War between the German invasion of Poland [September 1939] and that of Norway [April 1940] • 假战争，假打时期（二战初期从德国入侵波兰[1939年9月］到入侵挪威[1940年4月］之间那段相对沉寂的时期）




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★☆☆ phosgene
/ ˈfɔzdʒi:n /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [Chemistry] a colourless poisonous gas made by the reaction of chlorine and carbon dioxide. It was used as a poison gas, notably in the First World War • 光气
2. Alternative name: carbonyl chloride; chem. formula: COCl2 • 又名：碳酰氯；化学分子式：COCl2



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★☆☆ physicalism
/ ˈfizikəlizm /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [Philosophy] the doctrine that the real world consists simply of the physical world • [哲] 物理主义

【派生】♦ physicalist noun & adjective

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★☆☆ quail
/ kweɪl /quail¹
◙ [复同单或 quails]
1. a small short-tailed Old World game bird resembling a tiny partridge, typically having brown camouflaged plumage • 鹑，鹌鹑
2. Family Phasianidae: three genera, in particular Coturnix, and several species, e.g. the widespread migratory common quail [C. coturnix] • 雉科：3属，尤指鹌鹑属，数种，如分布广泛的迁徙类西鹌鹑（拉丁名C. coturnix）
3. a small or medium-sized New World game bird, the male of which has distinctive facial markings • 北美鹑
4. Family Phasianidae (or Odontophoridae): several genera and many species, including the bobwhite • 雉科（或齿鹑科）：数属，多种，包括山齿鹑


»an opportunity for student teachers to share experiences before qualification. 实习教师获得教师资格之前交流经验的机会。
a condition that must be fulfilled before a right can be acquired; an official requirement • 先决条件；正式要求
»the five-year residency qualification for presidential candidates. 总统候选人须定居五年的先决条件。
2. [mass noun] the action or fact of qualifying or being eligible for something • 取得资格，具备资格
»they need to beat Poland to ensure qualification for the World Cup finals. 他们需要击败波兰队来确保世界杯决赛资格。
3. a statement or assertion that makes another less absolute • 限制，限定；限定条件，限定事项
»this important qualification needs to be remembered when interpreting the results. 在理解这些结果时需要记住这一重要的限定条件。

1. [no obj.] be entitled to a particular benefit or privilege by fulfilling a necessary condition • 有资格，合格；合适
»a pensioner who does not qualify for income support. 无资格享受收入补助的养老金领取者。
become eligible for a competition or its final rounds, by reaching a certain standard or defeating a competitor • 取得比赛（或决赛）资格
»England are in danger of failing to qualify. 英格兰队有失去比赛资格的危险。
»[as noun modifier] a World Cup qualifying game. 一场世界杯资格赛。
be or make properly entitled to be classed in a particular way • （使）有资格被划为
»[no obj.] he qualifies as a genuine political refugee. 他可是一位真正的政治避难者。

/ ˈkwestʃən /◙ noun
1. a sentence worded or expressed so as to elicit information • 问题
»we hope this leaflet has been helpful in answering your questions. 希望这个小册子有助于回答你的问题。
a doubt about the truth or validity of something • 疑问，不确定
»there was no question that the West Indies were now the outstanding team in the world. 毫无疑问，西印度群岛队现在是世界杰出的代表队。
[mass noun] the raising of a doubt about or objection to something • 怀疑，异议
»Edward was the only one she obeyed without question. 爱德华是她惟一毫无疑问地听从的人。


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★☆☆ quinoa
/ kiˈnəuə /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a goosefoot found in the Andes, where it was widely cultivated for its edible starchy seeds prior to the introduction of Old World grains • 昆诺阿藜
2. Chenopodium quinoa, family Chenopodiaceae • 拉丁名Chenopodium quinoa，藜科
the grain-like seeds of this plant, used as food and in the production of alcoholic drinks • 昆诺阿藜的种子

1. a traitor who collaborates with an enemy force occupying their country • 卖国贼，内奸

【派生】♦ quislingite adjective & noun

【语源】1. Second World War: from the name of Major Vidkun Quisling (1887–1945), the Norwegian army officer and diplomat who ruled Norway on behalf of the German occupying forces (1940–45)



★☆☆ Quonset
/ ˈkwɔnsit /◙ (也作 Quonset hut), noun
1. [N. Amer. trademark] a building made of corrugated metal and having a semicircular cross section • [北美，商标] 匡西特半筒式铁皮屋

【语源】1. Second World War: named after Quonset Point, Rhode Island, where such huts were first made





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★☆☆ needletail◙ (也作 needle-tailed swift), noun
1. an Asian spine-tailed swift, believed to be the world's fastest flying bird • 针尾雨燕
2. Genus Hirundapus, family Apodidae: four species • 针尾雨燕属，雨燕科：４种



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★☆☆ neem
/ ni:m /◙ noun
1. a tropical Old World tree, which yields mahogany-like timber, oil, medicinal products, and insecticide • 印度楝，印楝
2. Azadirachta indica, family Meliaceae • 拉丁名Azadirachta indica，楝科


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★☆☆ negotiation
/ nɪˌgəʊʃi:ˈeɪʃən /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] (也作 negotiations)discussion aimed at reaching an agreement • 谈判，洽谈
»a worldwide ban is currently under negotiation. 目前一项全球性的禁令正在商讨之中。
»[count noun] negotiations between unions and employers. 工会和雇主之间的谈判。
the action or process of negotiating • 谈判，洽谈



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★☆☆ neopaganism◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a modern religious movement which seeks to incorporate beliefs or ritual practices from traditions outside the main world religions, especially those of pre-Christian Europe and North America • 复兴的（或新的）异教信仰（一个现代宗教运动，吸收世界主流宗教之外的观念和仪式惯例，尤其从基督教普及之前的欧洲和北美地区的传统中吸收）
2. Neopaganism is a highly varied mixture of ancient and modern elements, in which nature worship (influenced by modern environmentalism) often plays a major role. Other influences include shamanism, magical and occult traditions, and radical feminist critiques of Christianity


★☆☆ Neoplatonism
/ ni:əuˈpleitəniz(ə)m /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a philosophical and religious system developed by the followers of Plotinus in the 3rd century ad • 新柏拉图主义

【用法】1. Neoplatonism combined ideas from Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and the Stoics with oriental mysticism. Predominant in pagan Europe until the early 6th century, it was a major influence on early Christian writers, on later medieval and Renaissance thought, and on Islamic philosophy. It envisages the human soul rising above the imperfect material world through virtue and contemplation towards knowledge of the transcendent One

【派生】♦ Neoplatonic adjective

1. (也作 nepenthe)[mass noun] (poetic/literary)a drug described in Homer's Odyssey as banishing grief or trouble from a person's mind • [诗／文] 忘忧药

【Greek】 any drug or potion bringing welcome forgetfulness • 能使人忘记不快之事的药物

【Latin】1. a plant of a genus that comprises the Old World pitcher plants • 含有忘忧药的植物
2. Genus Nepenthes and family Nepenthaceae • 猪笼草属，猪笼草科




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★☆☆ nether regions◙ plural noun
1. (the nether regions)the lowest or furthest parts of a place, especially with allusion to hell or the underworld • 边地（尤指阴曹地府）
(one's nether regions)used euphemistically to refer to a person's genitals and bottom • [婉] 人的下体



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★☆☆ netherworld◙ noun
1. (the netherworld)the underworld of the dead; hell • 阴间，冥府，地狱
a hidden underworld or ill-defined area • 犯罪社会；下层社会；下流社会
»the narcotic netherworld thriving in post-war America. 战后美国猖獗的毒品犯罪活动。





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★☆☆ nettle tree◙ noun
1. an Old World tree related to the hackberries, with a straight silvery-grey trunk and rough, toothed nettle-like leaves • 朴树
2. Genus Celtis, family Ulmaceae: several species, in particular C. australis, which is a popular street and shade tree in Mediterranean countries • 朴属，榆科：数种，尤指南欧朴，地中海国家普遍将其种植于路边以遮荫




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★☆☆ Lions Club◙ noun
1. a worldwide charitable society devoted to social and international service, taking its membership primarily from business and professional groups • 狮子俱乐部（全球性慈善机构，致力于社会和国际服务，机构成员主要是企业和专业组织）





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★☆☆ Liston
/ ˈlɪst(ə)n /1. Sonny (1ˌ32–ˌ0), æmerican boxer; born ɔharles ɚiston. ɪn 1ˌ62 he became world heavyweight champion but in 1ˌ64 lost his title to Muhammad æli (then ɔassius ɔlay) • 李斯顿，索尼（1932—1970，美国拳击手，出生名查尔斯•李斯顿，1962年成为世界重量级拳王，于1964年败给穆罕默德•阿里［当时仍然名为卡修斯•克莱］）





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★☆☆ little grebe◙ noun
1. a small, dumpy Old World grebe with a short neck and bill and a trilling call. (also called dabchick) • 小。 （亦称 dabchick）
2. Genus Tachybaptus, family Podicipedidae: three species, in particular the widespread T. ruficollis (also called dabchick) • 小属，科：３种，尤指广为分布的小 （亦称 dabchick）


/ ˈlivəb(ə)l /◙ [美亦作 livable] , adjective
1. worth living • 活得有价值的
»fatherhood makes life more liveable. 为人父让生活更有价值了。
(of an environment or climate) fit to live in • （环境，气候）适宜居住的
»one of the most liveable cities in the world. 世界上最适宜居住的城市之一。
[predic.] (liveable with)[informal] easy or bearable to live with • [非正式] 容易过活的；过得去的


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★☆☆ Plato
/ ˈpleitəu /1. (c.42ˌ–c.34ˌ bc), Greek philosopher • 柏拉图（约公元前429–约前347，希腊哲学家）

【用法】1. A disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, he founded the Academy in Athens. An integral part of his thought is the theory of ‘ideas’ or ‘forms’, in which abstract entities or universals are contrasted with their objects or particulars in the material world. His philosophical writings are presented in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker; they include the Symposium and the Timaeus. Plato's political theories appear in the Republic, in which he explored the nature and structure of a just society



★☆☆ Platonism
/ ˈpleitənizəm /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] the philosophy of Plato or his followers • 柏拉图主义，柏拉图学说，柏拉图哲学。 见 Plato
any of various revivals of Platonic doctrines or related ideas, especially Neoplatonism and Cambridge Platonism (a 17th-century attempt to reconcile Christianity with humanism and science) • 复兴柏拉图主义（尤指新柏拉图主义和17世纪试图在基督教、人文主义和科学之间寻求和解的剑桥柏拉图主义）
the theory that numbers or other abstract objects are objective, timeless entities, independent of the physical world and of the symbols used to represent them • 柏拉图原理（认为数字或其他抽象物体都是客观的、永恒的实体，独立于物质世界和用以表示它们的符号）

【派生】♦ Platonist noun

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★☆☆ platyrrhine
/ ˈplætirain /əɛoology] ə动]
◙ adjective
1. of or relating to primates of a group that comprises the New World monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins. They are distinguished by having nostrils that are far apart and directed forwards or sideways, and typically have a prehensile tail • （包括西半球的猴、绒猴和绢毛猴等灵长类群）阔鼻的。
› compare catarrhine
◙ noun

★☆☆ player◙ noun
1. a person taking part in a sport or game • 运动员
»a tennis player. 网球运动员。
a person or body that is involved and influential in an area or activity • 参与者，角色
»the country's isolationism made it a secondary player in world political events. 这个国家的孤立主义政策使得它在世界政治事务中只能充当二流角色。
2. [usu. with modifier] a person who plays a musical instrument • 演奏者，乐手
»a guitar player. 吉他手。


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★☆☆ Pliny
/ ˈplini /Pliny¹
1. (23–ˌˌ), ɔoman statesman and scholar; ɚatin name Gaius Plinius Secundus; known as Pliny the əlder. His ŋatural History (ˌˌ) is a vast encyclopedia of the natural and human worlds. He died while observing the eruption of ʒesuvius • 普林尼（公元23—79，罗马政治家、学者，拉丁名盖厄斯•普林纽斯•塞昆德斯，通称“老普林尼”；其《自然史》[77] 一书是一本博大的自然和人文世界百科全书；他在观察维苏威火山喷发时身亡）Pliny²
1. (c.61–c.112), Roman senator and writer, nephew of Pliny the Elder; Latin name Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus; known as Pliny the Younger. He is noted for his books of letters which deal with both public and private affairs and which include a description of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 • 普林尼（约公元61—约112，罗马议员、作家，老普林尼的侄子，拉丁名盖厄斯•普林纽斯•凯基利乌斯•塞昆德斯，通称“小普林尼”，以其讨论公共和私人事务的书信集而著名，其中包括对公元79年维苏威火山爆发的描述）




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★☆☆ Ferrari
/ fəˈrɑ:ri /1. ənzo (18ˌ8–1ˌ88), ɪtalian car designer and manufacturer. ɪn 1ˌ2ˌ he founded the company named after him, producing a range of high-quality sports and racing cars. Since the early 1ˌˈ0s ʃerraris have won the greatest number of world championship Grands Prix of any car • 法拉利，恩佐（1898–1988，意大利汽车设计师、制造商，1929年创立以自己的名字命名的公司，生产了一系列高质量的跑车和赛车；自20世纪50年代初以来法拉利汽车在国际汽车大奖赛中夺魁次数最多）



1. an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular, an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception • （尤指受孕八周后的）胎儿

【语源】1. late Middle English: from Latin fetus 'pregnancy, childbirth, offspring'

【用法】1. The spelling foetus has no etymological basis but is recorded from the 16th century and until recently was the standard British spelling in both technical and non-technical use. In technical usage fetus is now the standard spelling throughout the English-speaking world, but foetus is still found in British English outside technical contexts



»comforts here are few. 此处没有什么康乐设施。
»[superlative] ask which products have the fewest complaints. 问一下哪些产品投诉最少。
◙ noun
1. [as plural noun the few] the minority of people; the elect • 少数人；特权人士
»a world that increasingly belongs to the few. 日益掌握在少数人手里的世界。
(the Few)[Brit.] the RAF pilots who took part in the Battle of Britain • [英] 参加不列颠之战的英国皇家空军飞行员



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★☆☆ fey
/ fei /◙ adjective
1. giving an impression of vague unworldliness • 神秘古怪的；非现实的
»his mother was a strange, fey woman. 他的母亲是一个神经兮兮的怪女人。
having supernatural powers of clairvoyance • 超自然的，有魔法的



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★☆☆ Fichte
/ ˈfiktə /1. ʊohann Gottlieb (1ˌ62–1814), German philosopher. æ pupil of Kant, he postulated that the ego is the basic reality; the world is posited by the ego in defining and delimiting itself. His political addresses had some influence on the development of German nationalism and the overthrow of ŋapoleon • 费希特，约翰•戈特利布（1762–1814，德国哲学家，康德的学生，提出自我是基本的实在，世界是自我在规定和限制它自己过程中的产物；其政治演说对德国民族主义的发展和拿破仑的倒台产生过一定影响）



denoting a game played outdoors on a marked field • （比赛）户外的，运动场的

【IDIOMS】◘ hold the field
1. remain the most important • 继续保持首要地位
»the principles of quantum theory hold the field as the convincing account of the physics of the microworld. 量子论原理对微观世界物理现象的描述仍然是最令人信服的。
◘ in the field
1. on campaign; (while) engaged in combat or manoeuvres • 参赛；参战

★☆☆ summit
/ ˈsʌmit /◙ noun
1. the highest point of a hill or mountain • 顶峰；最高点
(figurative)the highest attainable level of achievement • [喻] （成就的）顶峰，极点
»the dramas are considered to form one of the summits of world literature. 这些戏剧被看作是世界文学的一个顶峰。
2. a meeting between heads of government • 政府首脑会议，最高级会议


◘ catch the sun --› see catch
◘ make hay while the sun shines
1. 见hay
◘ on which the sun never sets
1. (of an empire) worldwide • （帝国）世界范围的，日不落的
◘ shoot the sun
1. [Nautical] ascertain the altitude of the sun with a sextant in order to determine one's latitude • [航海] 测太阳高度以确定纬度


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★☆☆ sunbird
/ ˈsʌnbə:d /◙ noun
1. a small, brightly coloured Old World songbird with a long downcurved bill, feeding on nectar and resembling a hummingbird (but not able to hover) • 太阳鸟，花蜜鸟
2. Family Nectariniidae: four genera, in particular Nectarinia, and numerous species • 花蜜鸟科：4属，尤指花蜜鸟属，众多种


★☆☆ optimism
/ ˈɔptimizəm /◙ noun, [mass noun]
1. hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something • 乐观
»the talks had been amicable and there were grounds for optimism. 会谈是友好的，有理由乐观。
2. [Philosophy] the doctrine, especially as set forth by Leibniz, that this world is the best of all possible worlds • [哲] 乐观主义（尤指莱布尼兹提出的学说）
the belief that good must ultimately prevail over evil in the universe • 乐观主义


★☆☆ orange◙ noun
1. a large round juicy citrus fruit with a tough bright reddish-yellow rind • 柑橘，橙
[mass noun] a drink made from or flavoured with orange • 橘子水，橙汁
»a vodka and orange. 一份伏特加橙汁。
2. (也作 orange tree)the leathery-leaved evergreen tree which bears this fruit, native to warm regions of south and SE Asia. Oranges are a major commercial crop in many warm regions of the world • 橙树，柑树，橘树
3. Genus Citrus, family Rutaceae: several species, in particular the sweet orange [C. sinensis] and the Seville orange • 柑橘属，芸香科：众多种，尤指甜橙（拉丁名C. sinensis）和酸橙
used in names of other plants with similar fruit or flowers, e.g. mock orange • 类似柑橘的植物，如山梅花

Charlotte (1816–55), author of Jane Eyre (1847), Shirley (1849), and Villette (1853) • 夏洛蒂（1816—1855，《简爱》［1847］、《雪莉》［1849］和《维莱特》［1853］的作者）
Emily (1818–48), author of Wuthering Heights (1847); also a poet • 艾米丽（1818—1848，《呼啸山庄》［1847］的作者，也是位诗人）
Anne (1820–49), author of Agnes Grey (1845) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1847) • 安茵（1820—1849，《艾格尼丝•格雷》［1845］和《怀佛山庄的房客》［1847］的作者）

【用法】1. The three sisters (with their brother Branwell, 1817–48) grew up in the Yorkshire village of Haworth, and had limited experience of the outside world. Their works were published under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell






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★☆☆ Brooklands1. a motor-racing circuit near Weybridge in Surrey, England, opened in 1907. During the Second World War the course was converted for aircraft manufacture • 布鲁克兰赛车道（英格兰萨里郡韦布里奇附近的赛车道，于1907年正式投入运营，二战期间被改用为飞机制造厂）





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★☆☆ brown rat◙ noun
1. a rat found throughout the world, typically living in association with man and regarded as a pest. It is commonly kept as a laboratory animal and a pet, and is also bred in the albino form • 褐家鼠。(亦称 common rat, Norway rat)
2. Rattus norvegicus, family Muridae • 拉丁名Rattus norvegicus，鼠科


★☆☆ browser
/ ˈbrauzə /◙ noun
1. a person who looks casually through books or magazines or at things for sale • （书刊，杂志或供出售物品的）浏览者，观看者
an animal which feeds mainly on high-growing vegetation • 吃高处草木的动物
[Computing] a program with a graphical user interface for displaying HTML files, used to navigate the World Wide Web • [计算机] 浏览器
»a Web browser. 网络浏览器。


/ ˈbʌkai /◙ noun
1. an American tree or shrub related to the horse chestnut, with showy red or white flowers • 七叶树
2. Genus Aesculus, family Hippocastanaceae: several species • 七叶树属，七叶树科：数种
the nut of the buckeye • 七叶树的坚果
3. (也作 buckeye butterfly)an orange and brown New World butterfly with conspicuous eyespots on the wings • 鹿眼蛱蝶
4. Junonia coenia, subfamily Nymphalinae, family Nymphalidae • 拉丁名Junonia coenia，蛱蝶亚科，蛱蝶科
5. [Buckeye] [US informal] a native of the state of Ohio • [美，非正式] 俄亥俄州人

/ ˈbʌkʃi: /◙ adjective
1. (informal, chiefly Brit.)free of charge • [非正式， 主英] 免费的
»a buckshee brandy. 免费白兰地。

【语源】1. First World War (originally soldiers' slang): alteration of baksheesh




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★☆☆ barrenwort
/ ˈbærənwə:t /◙ noun
1. an Old World plant with cup-shaped spurred flowers, cultivated for its colourful foliage. It was formerly thought to cause infertility • 淫羊藿属植物
2. Genus Epimedium, family Berberidaceae • 淫羊藿属，小檗科



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★☆☆ battledress
/ ˈbætəldres /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] combat dress, particularly as worn by British soldiers during the Second World War • （尤指第二次世界大战时英军士兵穿的）战斗服装；战地服装



★☆☆ batwoman
/ ˈbætwumən /◙ (pl. -women)
1. a female attendant or cleaner serving an officer in the British services • （英国军官的）女勤务兵，女传令兵

【语源】1. Second World War: from bat (see batman ) + woman






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★☆☆ K21. the highest mountain in the Karakoram range, on the border between Pakistan and China. It is the second-highest peak in the world, rising to 8,611 m (28,250 ft). It was discovered in 1856 and named K2 because it was the second peak to be surveyed in the Karakoram range. It was also formerly known as Mount Godwin-Austen after Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, who first surveyed it • K2峰（喀喇昆仑山脉最高峰，位于巴基斯坦和中国的边境；该山为世界第二高峰，高8,611米，即 28,250英尺，1856年被发现，因为是喀喇昆仑山脉第二座被测高的山峰，遂被命名为K2峰；该峰旧时被通称为戈德温•奥斯丁山，以纪念第一位测量该山峰的Ｈ•Ｈ•戈德温•奥斯丁上校）。(亦称 Dapsang)



»[as title] Kaiser Wilhelm. 威廉皇帝。
2. (也作 kaiser roll)[N. Amer.] a round, crisp bread roll made by folding the corners of a square of dough into the centre, resulting in a pinwheel shape when baked • [北美] 纸风车状小面包（一种用四脚折向中间的正方形生面团烘烤成的纸风车状的圆脆面包卷）

【IDIOMS】◘ the Kaiser's War
1. [dated] the First World War • [旧] 第一次世界大战

【派生】♦ kaisership noun


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★☆☆ kamikaze
/ ˌkɑ:miˈkɑ:zi /◙ noun
1. (in the Second World War) a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target • （第二次世界大战）神风突击机（机上装有炸弹，蓄意自杀性撞击敌方目标的日本飞机）
the pilot of such an aircraft • 神风队队员（驾驶神风突击机的飞行员）
◙ adjective


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★☆☆ Kanchenjunga
/ ˌkɑ:ntʃənˈdʒɑ:ŋɡə /◙ [亦作Kangchenjunga 或 Kinchinjunga]
1. a mountain in the Himalayas, on the border between Nepal and Sikkim. Rising to a height of 8,598 m (28,209 ft), it is the world's third-highest mountain • 干城章嘉峰（印度和锡金边境喜马拉雅山的一座山峰，高8,598米，即28,209英尺，为世界第三高峰）

【语源】1. Tibetan, literally the five treasures of the snows', referring to the five separate peaks of the summit


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★☆☆ kapur
/ kəˈpuə /◙ noun
1. a large tropical Old World tree which yields light brown timber, edible fruit, and camphor • 卡普木，龙脑香树
2. Genus Dryobalanops, family Dipterocarpaceae • 龙脑香属，龙脑香科




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★☆☆ Karakoram
/ ˌkærəˈkɔ:rəm /1. a great mountain system of central æsia, extending over 480 km (300 miles) south-eastwards from ŋə æfghanistan to Kashmir and forming part of the borders of ɪndia and Pakistan with ɔhina. One of the highest mountain systems in the world, it consists of a group of parallel ranges, forming a westwards continuation of the Himalayas, with many peaks over ˌ,ˌ00 m (26,000 ft), the highest being K2 • 喀喇昆仑山脉（亚洲中部一大山系，由阿富汗东北部向东南到克什米尔，绵延480公里，即300英里，成为印度和中国以及巴基斯坦和中国部分边界，为世界上最高的山系之一，包括若干个平行的山脉，形成了喜马拉雅山脉向西的延续段，很多山峰超过7,900米，即 26,000英尺，最高峰为K2峰）





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★☆☆ Karpov
/ ˈkɑ:pɔf /1. ænatoli əYevgenevich] (b. 1ˌˈ1), ɔussian chess player. He was world champion from 1ˌˌˈ until defeated by Gary Kasparov in 1ˌ8ˈ • 卡尔波夫，阿纳托利（•叶夫根涅维奇）（生于1951年，俄罗斯国际象棋棋手，自1975年起一直是世界冠军，直到1985年负于加里•卡斯帕罗夫）





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★☆☆ Kasparov
/ ˈkæspərɔf /1. Gary (b.1ˌ63), æzerbaijani chess player of ærmenian-ʊewish descent; born Gary θeinstein. æt the age of 22 he became the youngest-ever world champion, defeating ænatoli Karpov in 1ˌ8ˈ; he has retained the title ever since. ɪn 1ˌˌˌ he was beaten in a match with the ɪɑM computer Deeper ɑlue • 卡斯帕罗夫，加里（生于1963年，亚美尼亚-犹太裔的阿塞拜疆国际象棋棋手；出生名加里•魏因施泰因，1985年他击败了阿纳托利•卡尔波夫，22岁即成为有史以来最年轻的世界冠军；自此之后一直雄居冠军宝座，1997年被IBM计算机“深蓝”击败）




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★☆☆ orchid
/ ˈɔ:kɪd /◙ noun
1. a plant with complex flowers that are often showy or bizarrely shaped, having a large specialized lip (labellum) and frequently a spur. Orchids occur worldwide, especially as epiphytes in tropical forests, and are valuable hothouse plants • 兰科植物，兰花
2. Family Orchidaceae: numerous genera and species • 兰科：众多属，众多种
the flowering stem of a cultivated orchid • 兰花



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★☆☆ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development◙ [缩略词：OECD]
1. an organization formed in 1961 to assist the economy of its member nations and to promote world trade. Its members include the industrialized countries of western Europe together with Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and the US. Its headquarters are in Paris • 经济合作与发展组织（1961年成立，目的是帮助成员国发展经济以及促进世界贸易；成员国有西欧的工业化国家以及澳大利亚、日本、新西兰和美国，总部设在巴黎）




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★☆☆ oriole
/ ˈɔ:riəul /◙ noun
1. an Old World bird which is related to the starlings and feeds on fruit and insects, the male typically having bright yellow and black plumage • 金黄鹂
2. Family Oriolidae and genus Oriolus: many species, including the golden oriole • 黄鹂科，黄鹂属： 多种，包括金黄鹂
3. a New World bird of the American blackbird family, with black and orange or yellow plumage • 拟鹂
4. Genus Icterus, family Icteridae (sometimes called the American oriole family): many species • 拟鹂属，拟鹂科（有时亦称美洲黄鹂科）： 多种




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★☆☆ Orpheus
/ ˈɔ:fju:s /1. əGreek Mythology] a poet who could entrance wild beasts with the beauty of his singing and lyre playing. He went to the underworld after the death of his wife əurydice and secured her release from the dead, but lost her because he failed to obey the condition that he must not look back at her until they had reached the world of the living • [希腊神话] 奥菲士（诗人，他美妙的歌声和里拉琴演奏能使野兽着迷；妻子欧律迪克死后他去了阴间并使她回生，但因为未遵守在回到阳世之前不得回头看妻子的条件而最终失去了她）

【派生】♦ Orphean adjective


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★☆☆ osprey
/ ˈɔspri: , -preɪ /◙ (pl. -eys)
1. a large fish-eating bird of prey with long, narrow wings and a white underside and crown, found throughout the world • 鹗。(亦称 fish hawk)
2. Pandion haliaetus, the only member of the family Pandionidae • 拉丁名Pandion haliaetus，鹗科唯一成员



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★☆☆ chameleon
/ kəˈmi:ljən , -ˈmi:li:ən /◙ (也作 chamaeleon), noun
1. a small slow-moving Old World lizard with a prehensile tail, long extensible tongue, protruding eyes that rotate independently, and a highly developed ability to change colour • 变色蜥蜴，变色龙
2. Family Chamaeleonidae: four genera, in particular Chamaeleo, and numerous species, including the European chameleon [C. vulgaris] • 避役科：4属，尤见避役属，众多种，包括欧洲避役（拉丁名C. vulgaris）
(也作 American chameleon)[N. Amer.] an anole • [北美] 避役，安乐蜥，美洲变色蜥蜴



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★☆☆ Chanute
/ tʃəˈnu:t /1. Octave (1832–1ˌ10), ʃrench-born æmerican aviation pioneer. ʃrom 18ˌ8 he produced a number of gliders, including a biplane which made over ˌ00 flights. He assisted the θright brothers in making the world's first controlled powered flight • 夏努特，奥科塔夫（1832–1910，生于法国的美国航空先驱，1898年起制造了多架滑翔机，包括一架做过700余次飞行的双翼机；曾协助莱特兄弟完成世界首次可操纵动力飞机的飞行）





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★☆☆ Charlton1. the name of two brothers eminent in football • 查尔顿（足球名将两兄弟）
Jack (b.1935), English footballer and manager; full name John Charlton. A rugged Leeds United defender, he was a member of the England side that won the World Cup in 1966. He later managed a number of teams including the Republic of Ireland national side (1986–95) • 杰克•查尔顿（生于1935年，英格兰足球运动员及球队经理，全名约翰•查尔顿;作为利兹联队的后卫队员，他作风硬朗，1966年代表英格兰队获得世界杯冠军；后成为多支足球队的经理，1986—1995任爱尔兰国家队领队）
Bobby (b.1937), English footballer; full name Sir Robert Charlton. An outstanding Manchester United striker, he scored a record forty-nine goals for England and was a member of the side that won the World Cup in 1966 • 博比•查尔顿（生于19３７年，英格兰足球运动员，全名罗伯特•查尔顿爵士；作为曼彻斯特联队杰出的前锋，拥有为英格兰射入49个球的记录；1966年代表英格兰队获得世界杯冠军）



»a good luck charm. 祈求好运的护身物。
4. [mass noun] [Physics] one of six flavours of quark • [物理] 粲，粲数
◙ verb, [with obj.]
1. delight greatly • 使着迷；使陶醉
»the books have charmed children the world over. 这些书使全世界儿童着迷。
use one's ability to please and attract in order to influence someone or to achieve something • 努力取悦；极力引诱
»he charmed her into going out. 他施展魅力，说服她出去玩。

1. [informal] engage someone in flirtatious conversation • [非正式] 与某人调情
talk persuasively to someone, especially with a particular motive • （尤指有目的地）与某人攀谈
»I chatted up the paper's editor, feigning interest in his anecdotes . 我故意和报纸编辑攀谈，假装对他的奇闻轶事很感兴趣。chat²
◙ noun
1. [often in combination] a small Old World songbird of the thrush family, with a harsh call and typically with bold black, white, and buff or chestnut coloration • 石（即鸟）。
› see bushchat , stonechat , whinchat
2. Saxicola and other genera, family Turdidae: numerous species • 石（即鸟）属及其他属，鸫科：众多种
› see bushchat , stonechat , whinchat
3. [with modifier] any of a number of small songbirds with harsh calls • 鸣禽
4. a New World warbler that typically has a yellow or pink breast (genera Icteria and Granatellus, family Parulidae) an Australian songbird related to the honeyeaters, the male of which is either mainly yellow or boldly marked (genera Ephthianura and Ashbyia, family Ephthianuridae) • 一种西半球鸣鸟，其胸多呈黄色或粉红色（大（即鸟）莺属，和（即鸟）莺属，森莺科） 一种澳大利亚鸣鸟，与蜜雀有亲缘关系，其雄性体色主要呈黄色或带有醒目斑点（澳（即鸟）属，和漠澳（即鸟）属，澳（即鸟）科）

【语源】1. late 17th cent.: probably imitative of its call



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★☆☆ Bowles
/ bəʊlz /1. Paul əʃrederick] (b. 1ˌ10), æmerican writer and composer.His novels, which include ðhe Sheltering Sky (1ˌ4ˌ)and ðhe Spider's House (1ˌ66), typically concern westerners in the ærab world • 鲍尔斯，保罗（•弗雷德里克）（生于1910年，美国作家和作曲家，他的小说往往讲述生活在阿拉伯国家的西方人的故事，如：《遮蔽的天空》［1949］和《蜘蛛屋》［1966］）





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★☆☆ Brabham
/ ˈbræbəm /1. Sir ʊack (b.1ˌ26), æustralian motor-racing driver; full nameʊohn ærthur ɑrabham.He won the ʃormula One world championship three times (1ˌˈˌ, 1ˌ60, 1ˌ66) • 布拉巴姆，杰克爵士（生于1926年，澳大利亚赛车手；全名约翰•阿瑟•布拉巴姆，曾于1959、1960以及1966年三次获得一级方程式世界冠军）




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★☆☆ bracken
/ ˈbrækən /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a tall fern with coarse lobed fronds, which occurs worldwide and can cover large areas • 欧洲蕨
2. Pteridium aquilinum, family Dennstaedtiaceae (or Hypolepidaceae) • 拉丁名Pteridium aquilinum，碗蕨科
[informal] any large coarse fern resembling this • [非正式] 蕨类植物

★☆☆ Braun
/ braun /ɑraun¹
1. əva (1ˌ10–4ˈ), German mistress of ædolf Hitler.ɑraun and Hitler are thought to have married during the fall of ɑerlin, shortly before committing suicide together in the air-raid shelter of his ɑerlin headquarters • 布劳恩，爱娃（1910—1945，希特勒的德国情妇；人们认为布劳恩和希特勒在柏林陷落时结婚，此后不久就与希特勒在柏林总部的防空洞里双双自杀）Braun²
1. Karl Ferdinand (1850–1918), German physicist. Brauninvented the coupled system of radio transmission and the Braun tube (forerunner of the cathode ray tube), in which a beam of electrons could be deflected. Nobel Prize for Physics (1909) • 布劳恩，卡尔•费迪南德（1850—1918，德国物理学家，发明了无线电报发报耦合系统和电子束能在其中偏斜的布劳恩管，即阴极射线管的前身；1909年获诺贝尔物理奖）Braun³
1. Wernher Magnus Maximilian von (1912–77), German-born American rocket engineer. Braun led development of the V-2 rockets used by Germany in the Second World War. After the war he moved to the US, where he pioneered the work which resulted in the US space programme • 布劳恩，魏伯纳•马格纳斯•麦克西米利安•冯（1912—1977，德国出生的美国火箭工程师，领导了V２型火箭的研发工作，德国在二战中曾使用过该火箭，二战后移居美国，在那里他所从事的开拓性工作导致了太空计划的产生）



1. [with obj.] endure or face (unpleasant conditions or behaviour) without showing fear • 勇敢面对
»he pulled on his coat ready to brave the elements. 他穿好大衣准备面对恶劣的天气。
»I'll brave it out and meet new people. 我会鼓作勇气去结识新的人们。

【IDIOMS】◘ brave new world
1. used to refer, often ironically, to a new and hopeful period in history resulting from major changes in society • 美好的新世界（指社会大变动后出现的使人满怀希望的新时期，常含有讽刺意味）
» the brave new world of the health care market. 保健市场这个大有可为的新天地。
◘ put a brave face on something --› see face


»Dawn had to retake her driving test. 道恩还得重考驾照。
recapture • 再夺取，重新占领
»in 799 the Moors retook Barcelona. 公元799年，摩尔人重新占领了巴塞罗那。
regain possession of (something left or lost) • 重获，取回（遗失或失去的东西）
»he retook the world driver's championship. 他重新夺回了世界赛车冠军的头衔。
◙ noun
1. a thing that is retaken, especially a test or examination • 再次取得的东西；再次进行的事；重考，补考

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★☆☆ retell
/ ri:ˈtel /◙ (pastandpast participle retold)
1. [with obj.] tell (a story) again or differently • 再讲，复述（故事）
»Walker retells the history of the world from the black perspective. 沃克从黑人的角度重新讲述世界历史。



/ rɪˈtaɪəd /◙ adjective
1. [attrib.] having left one's job and ceased to work • 退休的；退职的；退役的
»a retired headmaster. 退休校长。
2. (archaic)(of a place) quiet and secluded; not seen or frequented by many people • [古] （地方）僻静的，隐蔽的
»this retired corner of the world. 这个与世隔绝的角落。
(of a person's way of life) quiet and involving little contact with other people • （生活方式）隐居的，退隐的
(of a person) reserved; uncommunicative • （人）沉默寡言的；不好交际的

»he got into the car, revved up the engine and drove off. 他钻进车里，把车发动起来，然后开车走了。
»[no obj.] I revved up enthusiastically. 我疯狂地加快车速。
[no obj.] (of an engine or vehicle) operate with increasing speed when the accelerator is pressed, especially while the clutch is disengaged • （发动机）加快转速；（车辆）加速
»he could hear the sound of an engine revving nearby. 他能听到附近的发动机加速运转的声响。
»he's revving up for next week's World Cup game. 他正在加紧为下个星期的世界杯比赛做准备。

【语源】1. early 20th cent.: abbreviation of revolution

[mass noun] the making known of something that was previously secret or unknown • 揭露，暴露，泄露，透露
»the revelation of an alleged plot to assassinate the king. 对传说中暗杀国王阴谋的透露。
used to emphasize the surprising or remarkable quality of someone or something • 惊人的新发现
»seeing them play at international level was a revelation. 看到他们打出国际水平，这可大大出乎人们意料。
2. [mass noun] the divine or supernatural disclosure to humans of something relating to human existence or the world • （上帝或超自然力）启示
»an attempt to reconcile Darwinian theories with biblical revelation. 对达尔文的进化论和《圣经》启示进行调和的尝试。
»[count noun] a divine revelation. 天启，神示。



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★☆☆ Rhadamanthus
/ ˌrædəˈmænθəs /1. əGreek Mythology] the son of ɛeus and əuropa, and brother of Minos, who, as a ruler and judge in the underworld, was renowned for his justice • [希腊神话] 拉达曼堤斯（宙斯和欧罗巴之子，弥诺斯的兄弟，阴间判官，以公正著称）




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★☆☆ Eurocentric
/ ˌjuərəuˈsentrik /◙ adjective
1. focusing on European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world; implicitly regarding European culture as pre-eminent • 以欧洲为中心的；欧洲文化优越观的

【派生】♦ Eurocentricity noun



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★☆☆ Europe
/ ˈjʊərəp /1. a continent of the northern hemisphere, separated from æfrica to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and from æsia to the east roughly by the ɑosporus, the ɔaucasus Mountains, and the ural Mountains. əurope contains approximately 20 per cent of the world's population • 欧洲（南部有地中海将其与非洲隔开，东部大致由博斯普鲁斯海峡、高加索山脉和乌拉尔山脉将其与亚洲分开，人口约占世界人口的20%）
the European Union • 欧盟
»the Prime Minister who took Britain into Europe. 带领英国加入欧盟的首相。


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★☆☆ Eurydice
/ juəˈridisi:) /əGreek Mythology]
1. the wife of Orpheus. æfter she was killed by a snake Orpheus secured her release from the underworld on the condition that he did not look back at her on their way back to the world of the living. ɑut Orpheus did look back, whereupon əurydice disappeared • [希腊神话] 欧里狄克（奥尔甫斯之妻，在她被蛇咬死后，奥尔甫斯设法使她能够从阴间返回阳间，但条件是在其返回途中奥尔甫斯不能回头看她；可是奥尔甫斯回头看了，欧里狄克随即消失）




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★☆☆ eustasy
/ ˈju:stəsi /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a change of sea level throughout the world, caused typically by movements of parts of the earth's crust or melting of glaciers • 海面升降，海面进退

【派生】♦ eustatic adjective



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★☆☆ Everest, Mount
/ ˈɛvərɪst /1. a mountain in the Himalayas, on the border between ŋepal and ɔhina. ɔising to 8,848 m (2ˌ,028 ft), it is the highest mountain in the world; it was first climbed in 1ˌˈ3 by Sir ədmund Hillary and ðenzing ŋorgay. ɔhinese name ʌOMOɚæŋGMæ • 埃佛勒斯峰（喜马拉雅山脉的一座山峰，位于尼泊尔和中国交界处，海拔8,848米，即29,028英尺，为世界最高峰；1953年，埃德蒙•希拉里爵士和登京格•诺尔盖一起最先登上此峰；汉语名QOMOLANGMA）

【语源】1. named after Sir George Everest (1790–1866), British surveyor general of India

»everywhere was in darkness. 到处都是漆黑一片。

【IDIOMS】◘ everywhere else
1. in all other places • 任何其他地方
»they are the same machines used everywhere else in the world. 这些机器与世界上其他任何地方使用的机器一样。

【语源】1. Middle English: formerly also as two words

(of something seen or smelt) extremely unpleasant • （看见或闻到的东西）使人极不舒服的；臭的；难闻的
»a bathroom with an ineradicably evil smell. 有一股难以去除怪味的浴室。
◙ noun
1. [mass noun] profound immorality, wickedness, and depravity, especially when regarded as a supernatural force • 邪恶；罪恶；堕落
»the world is stalked by relentless evil. 世界充满着无情的邪恶。
»good and evil in eternal opposition. 永远对立的善与恶。
[count noun] a manifestation of this, especially in people's actions • 罪恶；恶行




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★☆☆ Vanity Fair1. the world regarded as a place of frivolity and idle amusement (originally with reference to Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress) • 浮华世界；名利场






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★☆☆ Thorpe1. Ian [James] (b.1982), Australian swimmer. He won three gold medals in the 2000 Olympics, and is world record holder in the 200-, 400-, and 800- metre freestyle • 索普，伊恩（•詹姆斯）（生于1982年，澳大利亚游泳运动员，在2000年奥运会上获得三枚金牌，为200、400和800米自由泳世界纪录保持者）



»his kiss thrilled and excited her. 他的吻使她激动不已。
»I'm thrilled to bits. 我激动得不可自己。
»[as adj. thrilling] a thrilling adventure. 激动人心的冒险。
[no obj.] experience such feeling • 感到非常兴奋（或激动）
»thrill to the magic of the world 's greatest guitarist. 为世界最顶尖的吉他手的魅力所震撼。
2. [no obj., with adverbial] (of an emotion or sensation) pass with a nervous tremor • （情感，感觉）颤抖，振动
»the shock of alarm thrilled through her. 警报的震扰使她全身颤抖。



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★☆☆ Thule
/ ˈθju:li: /1. a country described by the ancient Greek explorer Pytheas (c.310 bc) as being six days' sail north of ɑritain, most plausibly identified with ŋorway. ɪt was regarded by the ancients as the northernmost part of the world • 图勒（古希腊探险家皮西亚斯［约公元前310］所描述的国家，离英国北部有六天的航程，很可能是今天的挪威，被古人认为是世界的极北地区）
2. an Eskimo culture widely distributed from Alaska to Greenland c.500–1400 ad • 图勒文化（一种爱斯基摩文化，约公元500—1400年从阿拉斯加广泛传播至格陵兰岛）
3. a settlement on the NW coast of Greenland, founded in 1910 by the Danish explorer Knud Rasmussen (1879–1933) • 图勒（丹麦人克努德•拉斯穆森 [1879–1933] 于1910年建立的格陵兰岛西北部殖民地）



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★☆☆ Tiananmen Square
/ ˈtjɛnənmən /1. a square in the centre of ɑeijing adjacent to the ʃorbidden ɔity, the largest public open space in the world • 天安门广场（位于北京中心，毗邻故宫，是世界上最大的露天公共广场）

【语源】1. Chinese, literally square of heavenly peace'

★☆☆ talking
/ ˈtɔ:kɪŋ /◙ adjective
1. [attrib.] engaging in speech • 正在谈话的
(of an animal or object) able to make sounds similar to those of speech • （动物，物体）会学人语的
»the world's greatest talking bird. 世界上最棒的会学人讲话的鸟。
silently expressive • 富于表情的
»he did have talking eyes. 他的确有一双会说话的眼睛。


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★☆☆ tamarisk
/ ˈtæmərisk /◙ noun
1. an Old World shrub or small tree with tiny scale-like leaves borne on slender branches, giving it a feathery appearance • 柽柳
2. Genus Tamarix, family Tamaricaceae: many species, including the French tamarisk [T. gallica] , a common coastal shrub of SW Europe • 柽柳属，柽柳科： 多种，包括生长在欧洲西南沿岸的法国柽柳（拉丁名T. gallica）





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★☆☆ Tanganyika, Lake1. a lake in East Africa, in the Great Rift Valley. The deepest lake in Africa and the longest freshwater lake in the world, it forms most of the border of Zaire [Democratic Republic of Congo] with Tanzania and Burundi • 坦噶尼喀湖（东非一湖泊，位于大裂谷中，是非洲最深的湖，也是世界上最长的淡水湖，它形成了扎伊尔[刚果民主共和国] 与坦桑尼亚和布隆迪的大部分边界线）



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★☆☆ tantalize
/ ˈtæntəˌlaɪz /◙ (也作 -ise), verb
1. [with obj.] torment or tease (someone) with the sight or promise of something that is unobtainable • 逗弄；使可望不可即
»such ambitious questions have long tantalized the world's best thinkers. 这些遥不可及的问题长期以来一直都在困扰着世界上最伟大的思想家们。
excite the senses or desires of (someone) • 挑逗
»she still tantalized him. 她仍然在挑逗他。


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★☆☆ Tanzania
/ ˌtænzəˈni:ə /1. a country in əast æfrica with a coastline on the ɪndian Ocean; pop. 2ˌ,2ˌ0,000 (est. 1ˌˌ1); official languages, Swahili and ənglish; capital, Dodoma • 坦桑尼亚（东非的一个国家，临印度洋；1991年估计人口2,727万；官方语言为斯瓦希里语和英语；首都多多马）
2. Tanzania consists of a mainland area (the former Tanganyika) and the island of Zanzibar. A German colony [German East Africa] from the late 19th century, Tanganyika became a British mandate after the First World War and a trust territory, administered by Britain, after the Second, before becoming independent within the Commonwealth in 1961. It was named Tanzania after its union with Zanzibar in 1964

【派生】♦ Tanzanian adjective & noun


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★☆☆ aubergine
/ ˌəubəˈʒi:n , əubɛəˈʒi:n /◙ noun, (chiefly Brit.)[主英]
1. the purple egg-shaped fruit of a tropical Old World plant, which is eaten as a vegetable • 紫茄子。(亦称 eggplant)
[mass noun] a dark purple colour like the skin of this fruit • 茄皮紫色
2. the large plant of the nightshade family which bears this fruit • 茄



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★☆☆ augmented reality◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view • 增强现实（将计算机产生的图像叠加于计算机用户所看到的现实世界景象之中，从而提供一个综合景象）




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★☆☆ Austria
/ ˈɔ:stri:ə /1. a republic in central əurope; pop. ˌ,ˌ00,000 (est. 1ˌˌ1); official language, German; capital, ʒienna. German name Österreich • 奥地利（中欧的一个共和国，1991年估计人口7,700,000，官方语言德语，首都维也纳。 德语名 Österreich
2. Austria was dominated from the early Middle Ages by the Habsburg family, and became the centre of a massive central European empire which lasted until 1918. The country was incorporated within the Nazi Reich in 1938 and after the Second World War was occupied by the Allies, regaining its sovereignty in 1955. A referendum in 1994 approved Austria's entry into the European Union

【派生】♦ Austrian adjective & noun

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★☆☆ Methodist
/ ˈmeθədɪst /◙ noun
1. a member of a Christian Protestant denomination originating in the 18th-century evangelistic movement of Charles and John Wesley and George Whitefield • 循道宗（基督教新教一派别，源自18世纪查尔斯•卫斯理、约翰•卫斯理和乔治•怀特菲尔德的福音传道运动）信徒
2. The Methodist Church grew out of a religious society established within the Church of England, from which it formally separated in 1791. It is particularly strong in the US and now constitutes one of the largest Protestant denominations worldwide, with more than 30 million members. Methodism has a strong tradition of missionary work and concern with social welfare, and emphasizes the believer's personal relationship with God
◙ adjective
1. of or relating to Methodists or Methodism • （与）循道宗（有关）的；循道宗信徒的

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★☆☆ Mexican wave◙ noun
1. an effect resembling a moving wave produced by successive sections of the crowd in a stadium standing up, raising their arms, lowering them, and sitting down again • 墨西哥波浪（体育馆人群一批批连续站立，抬臂，放下，再坐下的类似起伏波浪的效果)，人浪

【语源】1. so named because of the repeated practice of this movement at the 1986 soccer World Cup finals in Mexico City




【派生】♦ microcosmic adjective
♦ microcosmically adverb

【语源】1. Middle English: from Old French microcosme or medieval Latin microcosmus, from Greek mikros kosmos 'little world'





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★☆☆ microcredit◙ noun
1. [mass noun] the lending of small amounts of money at low interest to new businesses in the developing world • （为发展中国家新兴企业提供的）低息小额贷款



★☆☆ programme
/ ˈprəu-ɡræm /◙ [美 program] , noun
1. a planned series of future events, items, or performances • （对未来事件，演出的）计划，方案；节目
»a weekly programme of films. 一周电影放映计划。
»the programme includes Dvorak's New World symphony. 节目中包括德沃拉克的新世界交响曲。
a set of related measures, events, or activities with a particular long-term aim • 纲领；方案；程序
»the British nuclear power programme. 英国的核动力方案。



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★☆☆ promenade concert◙ noun
1. [Brit.] a concert of classical music at which a part of the audience stands in an area without seating, for which tickets are sold at a reduced price. The most famous series of such concerts is the annual BBC Promenade Concerts (known as the Proms), instituted by Sir Henry Wood in 1895 and held since the Second World War chiefly in the Albert Hall in London • [英] 漫步音乐会（部分听众站着欣赏的古典音乐会。票价较低廉。最有名的是年度BBC漫步音乐会［通称the Proms]，由亨利•伍德爵士创立于1895年，第二次世界大战以来主要在伦敦的阿尔贝特音乐厅举行）



»[with two objs] he promised her the job. 他答应把这份工作给她。
[with obj.] [一般作 be promised] (archaic)pledge (someone, especially a woman) to marry someone else; betroth • [古] 把（某人，尤指女人）许配给
»I've been promised to him for years. 我好几年前就被许配给他了。
2. [with obj.] give good grounds for expecting (a particular occurrence or situation) • 有…可能；给…以指望
»forthcoming concerts promise a feast of music from around the world. 即将到来的音乐会可能是汇聚世界各地音乐的盛会。
»[with infinitive] it promised to be a night that all present would long remember. 这会是一个所有在场的人都可能长久记住的夜晚。
(of a person, publication, institution, etc.） announce (something) as being expected to happen • （人、出版物、机构等）宣布（将发生）

1. [attrib.] truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine • 真正的
»she's never had a proper job. 她从没有过一份真正的工作。
»a proper meal. 真正的一顿饭。
[postpositive] strictly so called; in its true form • 严格意义上的，真正的，本身的
»after this event, three countries will progress to the World Cup proper. 本赛事之后，三个国家将进入世界杯赛本身。
(informal, chiefly Brit.)used as an intensifier, especially in derogatory contexts • [非正式，主英，贬] （用于强调）地道的
»a proper little do-gooder, aren't I? 我真是地地道道做好事的家伙，不是吗？


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★☆☆ popular music◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [Music] appealing to the popular taste, including rock and pop and also soul, reggae, rap, and dance music • [乐] 通俗音乐，流行音乐（包括摇滚、波普、灵歌、瑞格曲、吟唱曲和舞曲）
2. The origins of popular music may be traced back to the 18th century, when hymns, folk tunes, and songs from ballad operas were first published in sheet-music form. The 19th century saw the popularity in Britain of the music hall; in the US popular songs included those written by Stephen Foster. In the early 20th century the invention of sound recording assisted the spread of ragtime, early jazz, and the songs of Tin Pan Alley beyond the US, while radio and gramophone popularized country music, big-band jazz, and blues from the late 1940s, and then rock and roll from the mid 1950s. Amplification of singing and frequently of instrumentation was by then usual. In recent years technology has become increasingly sophisticated and popular music is now an important industry, yet its basis is still the short, concise song. In the past decade the ubiquity of rock and pop among white audiences has been challenged by various forms of black music, such as reggae, rap, and house music, and world music



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★☆☆ porcupine
/ ˈpɔ:kjəˌpaɪn /◙ noun
1. a large rodent with defensive spines or quills on the body and tail • 豪猪，箭猪
2. Suborder Hystricomorpha: families Hystricidae (three Old World genera) and Erethizontidae (four New World genera) • 豪猪型亚目： 豪猪科（旧大陆3属）及美洲豪猪科（新大陆4属）

【语源】1. late Middle English: from Old French porc espin, from Provençal porc espi(n), from Latin porcus 'pig' + spina 'thorn'

★☆☆ posit
/ ˈpɔzɪt /◙ (posited, positing)
1. [with obj.] assume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument • 假设，假定；设想
»the Confucian view posits a perfectible human nature. 这一儒家观点认为人性本善。
»[with clause] he posited that the world economy is a system with its own particular equilibrium. 他设想世界经济是一个有其自身的某种平衡体系。
(posit something on)base something on the truth of (a particular assumption) • 建立在（假说）上
»these plots are posited on a false premise about women's nature as inferior. 这些情节是建立在一个错误的前提之上的，那就是女人天生下等。



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★☆☆ Liddell
/ ˈlɪd(ə)l /1. əric əHenry] (1ˌ02–4ˈ), ɑritish athlete and missionary, born in ɔhina. ɪn the 1ˌ24 Olympic Games he won the 400 metres in a world record time. His exploits were celebrated in the film ɔhariots of ʃire (1ˌ81) • 利德尔，艾瑞克（•亨利）（1902-1945，出生于中国的英国运动员、传教士，在1924年奥林匹克运动会上获400米冠军，并创下世界纪录，影片《火中战车》 [1981] 讴歌了他的事迹）



»lower forms of life. 低级生物。
»the ice-cream vendors were the only signs of life. 冰淇淋小贩们是（那地方）存在着生命活动的惟一迹象。
the state of being alive as a human being • 生命（指人的活着状态）
»she didn't want to die; she loved life. 她不想死，她热爱生命。
»a superficial world where life revolved around the minutiae of outward appearance. 一个虚浮的世界，外表微小的生命在其中循环轮回。
[with adj. or noun modifier] a particular type or aspect of people's existence • （某种特定的）生活，生活的某方面
»an experienced teacher will help you settle into school life. 经验丰富的老师会帮助你适应校园生活。

1. prevent someone's (or one's own) death • 救别人（或自己）一命
»the driver of the train managed to save his life by leaping out of the cab. 火车司机跳出驾驶室，总算逃过一死。
[informal] provide much-needed relief from boredom or a difficult situation • [非正式] 使烦闷缓解；摆脱困境
◘ see life
1. gain a wide experience of the world, especially its more pleasurable aspects • 见世面，长见识
◘ take one's life in one's hands
1. risk being killed • 冒生命危险




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★☆☆ lifeworld◙ noun
1. [Philosophy] all the immediate experiences, activities, and contacts that make up the world of an individual or corporate life • [哲] 生活世界（构成个人或集团生活内容的全部直接经历、活动和联系）

【语源】1. 1940s: translating German Lebenswelt

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★☆☆ lighthouse
/ ˈlaɪtˌhaʊs /◙ noun
1. a tower or other structure containing a beacon light to warn or guide ships at sea • 灯塔
2. One of the earliest was the Pharos off Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, which used a fire of burning wood, as did later lighthouses until first oil lamps and then electric lamps came into use, giving greatly increased power. The intensity of the light from modern lighthouses is increased by the use of mirrors and lenses to concentrate the light into a narrow beam, which usually sweeps round in a horizontal circle at a fixed speed so that, to ships at sea, it appears to emit a regular pattern of flashes. Nowadays lighthouses are equipped also with radio beacons, and each has a characteristic pattern of light or radio signals which enables it to be identified



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★☆☆ like-minded
/ ˈlaɪkˈmaɪndɪd /◙ adjective
1. having similar tastes or opinions • 趣味相投的，志同道合的
»a radio ham with like-minded friends all over the world. 一个同好遍布世界各地的业余无线电爱好者。

【派生】♦ like-mindedness noun

»boys and girls were liming along the roadside as if they didn't have anything to do. 男孩和女孩们在路边站着闲聊，好像无事可做似的。
◙ noun
1. an informal social gathering characterized by semi-ritualized talking • （交谈时较注重礼仪和规矩的）非正式社交聚会

【语源】1. origin uncertain; said to be from Limey (because of the number of British sailors present during the Second World War), or from suck a lime, expressing bitterness at not being invited to a gathering



★☆☆ unpalatable
/ ʌnˈpælətəbl /◙ adjective
1. not pleasant to taste • 不可口的
difficult to put up with or accept • 无法接受的；使人不快的
»the unpalatable fact that many of the world's people are starving. 世界上仍有许多人挨饿这一叫人无法接受的事实。

【派生】♦ unpalatability noun


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★☆☆ unsophisticated
/ ˌʌnsəˈfistikeitid /◙ adjective
1. lacking refined worldly knowledge or tastes • 不懂世故的
not complicated or highly developed; basic • 不复杂的；不精密的，简单的
»unsophisticated computer software. 简单的计算机软件。




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★☆☆ China1. a country in east Asia, the third largest and most populous in the world; pop. 1,151,200,000 (est. 1991); language, Chinese (of which Mandarin is the official form); capital, Beijing. Official name People's Republic of China • 中国（位于东亚，面积上为世界第三大国，是人口最多的国家，1991年估计人口1,151,200,000，语言汉语，官方语言为普通话。首都北京，正式名称中华人民共和国

【用法】1. Chinese civilization stretches back until at least the 3rd millennium bc, the country being ruled by a series of dynasties until the Qing (or Manchu) dynasty was overthrown by Sun Yat-sen in 1911; China was proclaimed a republic the following year. After the Second World War the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek was overthrown by the communists under Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China being declared in 1949



★☆☆ Chindit
/ ˈtʃɪndɪt /◙ noun
1. a member of the Allied forces behind the Japanese lines in Burma (now Myanmar) in 1943–5 • 盟军战士（缅甸境内日军后方的盟军成员［1943—1945］）

【语源】1. Second World War: from Burmese chinthé, a mythical creature



1. [mass noun] the Chinese language • 中文，汉语
2. a native or national of China, or a person of Chinese descent • 中国人；华侨；华裔
[Brit. informal] a Chinese meal • [英，非正式] 中国餐
[Brit. informal] a Chinese restaurant • [英，非正式] 中国餐馆
3. Chinese, a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family, is the world's most commonly spoken first language, with an estimated 1.2 billion native speakers worldwide. The script is logographic, using characters which originated as stylized pictographs but now also represent abstract concepts and the sounds of syllables. Though complex, it permits written communication between speakers of the many dialects, most of which are mutually incomprehensible in speech. About 8,000 characters are in everyday use, some having been simplified during the 20th century. For transliteration into the Roman alphabet, the Pinyin system is now usually used



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★☆☆ chlorine
/ ˈklɔ:ri:n /◙ noun
1. the chemical element of atomic number 17, a toxic, irritant, pale green gas[Symbol: Cl] • 氯（气）[符号: Cl]
2. A member of the halogen group, chlorine occurs in nature mainly as sodium chloride in seawater and salt deposits. The gas was used as a poison gas in the First World War. Chlorine is added to water supplies as a disinfectant

【语源】1. early 19th cent.: named by Sir Humphrey Davy, from Greek khlōros 'green' + -ine

»I'm a little chocker with this place. 我有点厌恶这个地方。
2. (chiefly Austral./NZ)full • [主澳／新西兰] 满的
»the church was chocker with flowers. 教堂里摆满了鲜花。

【语源】1. Second World War (originally naval slang): from chock-a-block




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★☆☆ Christadelphian
/ ˌkristəˈdelfiən /◙ noun
1. a member of a Christian sect, founded in America in 1848, which claims to return to the beliefs and practices of the earliest disciples and holds that Christ will return in power to set up a worldwide theocracy beginning at Jerusalem • 基督弟兄会会员（此教派1848年成立于美洲，声称回归最初信徒的信条和习俗行为，并认为耶稣基督将重掌大权，从耶路撒冷开始建立一个全球性神治国）
◙ adjective
1. of or adhering to this sect and its beliefs • 基督弟兄会的；拥护基督弟兄会的


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★☆☆ Christendom
/ ˈkrisəndəm /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] [dated] the worldwide body or society of Christians • [旧] 全球基督教
the Christian world • 基督教世界
»the greatest church in Christendom. 基督教世界里最伟大的教堂。


/ ˌkrɪstʃi:ˈænɪti: , ˌkrɪsti:- /◙ noun
1. [mass noun] the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices • 基督教
Christian quality or character • 基督教徒的品性
»you may know a man by his Christianity. 你可以由一个人基督教徒品性的高低来了解他。
2. Christianity is today the world's most widespread religion, with more than a billion members, mainly divided between the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox Churches. It originated among the Jewish followers of Jesus of Nazareth, who believed that he was the promised Messiah (or Christ’), but the Christian Church soon became an independent organization, largely through the missionary efforts of St Paul. In 313 Constantine ended official persecution in the Roman Empire and in 380 Theodosius I recognized it as the state religion. Most Christians believe in one God in three Persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) and that Jesus is the Son of God who rose from the dead after being crucified; a Christian hopes to attain eternal life after death through faith in Jesus Christ and tries to live by his teachings as recorded in the New Testament

【语源】1. Middle English: from Old French crestiente, from crestien 'Christian', influenced by late Latin christianitas, from Latin Christianus, from Christus 'Christ'

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★☆☆ Christie
/ ˈkristi /ɔhristie¹
1. Dame ægatha (18ˌ0–1ˌˌ6), ənglish writer of detective fiction. ŋotable works: Murder on the Orient əxpress (1ˌ34), Death on the ŋile (1ˌ3ˌ), and ðhe Mousetrap (play, 1ˌˈ2) • 克里斯蒂，阿加莎女爵士（1890—1976，英国侦探小说作家；代表作品：《东方快车谋杀案》[1934] ，《尼罗河上的惨案》[1937] ，《捕鼠器》[剧本，1952] ）Christie²
1. Linford (b.1960), Jamaican-born British sprinter who won the Olympic gold medal in the 100 metres in 1992 and the world championship title at this distance in 1993 • 克里斯蒂，林福德（生于1960年，牙买加出生英国短跑运动员，1992年获奥林匹克100米跑冠军，1993年获此项目世界锦标赛冠军）Christie³
◙ (pl. -ies)
1. [Skiing, dated] a sudden turn in which the skis are kept parallel, used for changing direction fast or stopping short • [滑雪旧] 制动转弯，急转


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★☆☆ Christingle
/ ˈkrisˌtiŋɡl /◙ noun
1. a lighted candle symbolizing Christ as the light of the world, held by children especially at a special Advent service originating in the Moravian Church • 基督燃烛（象征代表世界之光的耶稣基督，由孩童手持，尤见于摩拉维亚教会始创的基督降临节仪式）

【语源】1. 1950s: probably from German dialect Christkindl 'Christ-child, Christmas gift'



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★☆☆ Dampier
/ ˈdæmpjə /1. θilliam (16ˈ2–1ˌ1ˈ), ənglish explorer and adventurer. He is notable for having sailed round the world twice. ɪn 1683 he set out from Panama, crossing the Pacific and reaching əngland again in 16ˌ1; in 16ˌˌ the government commissioned him to explore the ŋθ coast of æustralia • 丹皮尔，威廉（1652–1715，英格兰探险家和冒险家，以两次环球航行而著名；1683年从巴拿马出发，穿过太平洋，1691年再次到达英格兰；1699年政府委托他探索澳大利亚西北海岸）



»a dangerous animal. 危险动物。
likely to have adverse or unfortunate consequences; risky • 危险的；冒险的
»it is dangerous to convict on his evidence. 根据他的证据宣布有罪是冒险的。
likely to cause problems or difficulty • 造成威胁的，成问题的，引起困难的
»our most dangerous opponents in the World Cup. 我们在世界杯中最有威胁的对手。
(of a drug) addictive or otherwise harmful or illegal • （药品）使人上瘾的；有害的；非法的


»moments of darkness were rare. 阴郁悲伤的时候很少。
secrecy or mystery • 秘密，神秘
»they drew a veil of darkness across the proceedings. 他们为整个过程披上了神秘的面纱。
lack of spiritual or intellectual enlightenment; ignorance • 蒙昧，无知
»his accomplishments shone in a world of darkness. 他的成就在蒙昧的世界中光芒闪耀。



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★☆☆ DaviesDavies¹
1. Sir Peter Maxwell (b.1934), English composer and conductor, influenced particularly by serialism and early English music. Notable works: Eight Songs for a Mad King (1969) and Taverner (1970) • 戴维斯，彼得•马克斯韦尔爵士（1934年生，英格兰作曲家和指挥家，尤其受到十二音阶和早期英格兰音乐的影响；代表作品《疯王八歌》［1969］和《塔弗纳》［1970］）Davies²
1. W. H. (1871–1940), English poet; full name William Henry Davies. He emigrated to the US and lived as a vagrant and labourer, writing The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp (1908) about his experiences. • 戴维斯，W• H （1871–1940，英格兰诗人，全名威廉•亨利•戴维斯，移居美国，后成为游民和劳工，在《超级流浪汉自传》［1908］中描绘了他的经历）Davies³
1. [William] Robertson (1913–95), Canadian novelist, dramatist, and journalist. He won international recognition with his Deptford trilogy of novels, comprising Fifth Business (1970), The Manticore (1972), and World of Wonders (1975) • 戴维斯，（威廉•）罗伯逊（1913–1995，加拿大小说家、戏剧家和记者，以德特福德三部曲赢得了世界认可，包括《第五件事》［1970］，《人头狮身蛇尾兽》［1972］，《奇异的世界》［1975］）



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★☆☆ Davis
/ ˈdeivis /Davis¹
1. ɑette (1ˌ08–8ˌ), æmerican actress; born ɔuth əlizabeth Davis. She established her Hollywood career playing a number of strong, independent female characters in such films as Dangerous (1ˌ3ˈ). Her flair for suggesting the macabre and menacing emerged in later films, such as θhatever Happened to ɑaby ʊane? (1ˌ62) • 戴维斯，贝蒂（1908–1989，美国女演员出生名鲁思•伊丽莎白•戴维斯，在《危险》［1935］等影片中成功饰演了许多坚强独立的女性人物形象，奠定了她在好莱坞的事业；她表现恐怖和威胁的才能在后期的电影中得到体现，如《婴儿简会发生何事？》［1962］）Davis²
1. the name of two English billiards and snooker players. Joe (1901–78) held the world championship from 1927 until his retirement in 1946. He was also world billiards champion 1928–32. His brother Fred (1913–98) was world snooker champion (1948–9; 1951–6) and world billiards champion (1980) • 戴维斯（两位英格兰台球和斯诺克选手；乔［1901–1978］从1927至1946年退役一直保持世界冠军称号，也是1928–1932年世界台球冠军，其弟弟弗莱德［1913–1998］是1948–1949、1951–1956世界斯诺克冠军和1980年台球冠军）Davis³
1. Miles [Dewey] (1926–91), American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader. In the 1950s he played and recorded arrangements in a new style which became known as ‘cool’ jazz, heard on albums such as Kind of Blue (1959). In the 1960s he pioneered the fusion of jazz and rock • 戴维斯，迈尔斯（•杜威）（1926–1991，美国爵士号手、作曲家和乐队领队，20世纪50年代演奏并录制了后来被称作“冷酷”爵士风格的改编曲，如《类似蓝调》，20世纪60年代开创了融合爵士乐和摇滚乐的先河）Davis4
1. Steve (b.1957), English snooker player. He was UK Professional Champion (1980–1; 1984–7) and World Professional Champion (1981; 1983–4; 1987–9) • 戴维斯，史蒂夫（生于1957年，英格兰斯诺克选手，是1980–1981、1984–1987年度英国职业冠军，1981、1983–1984、1987–1989年度世界职业冠军）





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★☆☆ Tuamotu Archipelago
/ ˌtu:əˈməʊtu: /1. a group of about eighty coral islands forming part of ʃrench Polynesia, in the South Pacific; pop. 12,3ˌ0 (1ˌ88). ɪt is the largest group of coral atolls in the world • 土阿莫土群岛（由大约80座珊瑚岛组成，为南太平洋法属波利尼西亚的一部分，1988年人口12,370；该群岛是世界上最大的珊瑚环礁群）





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★☆☆ tube-nosed bat◙ noun
1. an Old World bat with tubular nostrils • 管鼻果蝠
2. a fruit bat found chiefly in New Guinea and Sulawesi (genus Nyctimene, family Pteropodidae) an insectivorous Asian bat (genus Murina, family Vespertilionidae) • 食果蝙蝠（主要在新几内亚和苏拉威西岛）（管鼻果蝠属，果蝠科） 食虫亚洲蝙蝠（管鼻蝠属，蝙蝠科）




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★☆☆ Tupolev
/ ˈtu:pəlɛf /1. ændrei əŋikolaievich] (1888–1ˌˌ2), ɔussian aeronautical engineer. He produced ɔussia's first jet bomber (1ˌ46) and jet passenger plane. θith his son ælexei (1ˌ2ˈ–2001) he designed the world's first supersonic airliner, whose maiden flight in December 1ˌ68 preceded that of ɔoncorde by two months; it was however never commercially viable • 图波列夫，安德烈（•尼古拉耶维奇）（1888—1972，俄罗斯航空工程师，造出俄国第一架喷气式轰炸机[1946] 和喷气式客机；与其子阿力克谢[1925—2001] 一起设计了世界上第一架超音速客机，并于1968年12月首航，比协和式超音速客机的首航早了两个月；然而他们设计的超音速飞机未能投入商业运营）




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★☆☆ Turkey1. a country comprising the whole of the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia, with a small enclave in SE Europe to the west of Istanbul; pop. 56,473,000 (1990); official language, Turkish; capital, Ankara • 土耳其（领土包括西亚的整个安纳托利亚半岛和伊斯坦布尔以西的欧洲东南部小块地区，1990年人口56,473,000；官方语言土耳其语，首都安卡拉）

【用法】1. Turkey was the centre of the Ottoman Empire, established in the late Middle Ages and largely maintained until its collapse at the end of the First World War, in which Turkey supported the Central Powers. The nationalist leader Kemal Atatuürk expelled the minority Greek population and established the modern republic of Turkey in the 1920s. Turkey was neutral in the Second World War but is a member of NATO





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★☆☆ turtle dove◙ noun
1. a small Old World dove with a soft purring call, noted for the apparent affection shown for its mate • 斑鸠；欧斑鸠
2. Genus Streptopelia, family Columbidae: several species, in particular the migratory European and North African S. turtur, with a reddish-brown back and pinkish breast • 斑鸠属，鸠鸽科：数种，尤指背部微红褐色，胸部粉红色的欧斑鸠




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★☆☆ WFTU◙ for abbreviation
1. World Federation of Trade Unions • 同 World Federation of Trade Unions



[with obj.] blow or move (something) with or as if with a puff of air • 轻吹，轻拂
»the mouse whiffled its whiskers. 老鼠轻轻地吹理着胡子。
◙ noun
1. a slight movement of air or the sound of such a movement • 轻吹，轻拂； 轻吹声，轻拂声
2. [亦作whiffle cut] [US informal] a very short haircut worn by US soldiers in the Second World War • [美，非正式] （二战中美国士兵常留的）短发发型

【语源】1. mid 16th cent.: frequentative (verb), diminutive (noun) of whiff



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★☆☆ white-eye◙ noun
1. a small Old World songbird with a ring of white feathers around the eye • 绣眼鸟
2. Family Zosteropidae: several genera, in particular Zosterops, and numerous species • 绣眼鸟科：数属，尤指绣眼鸟属，众多种


★☆☆ white hope◙ noun
1. a person expected to bring much success to a team or organization • 被寄予厚望的人，承担艰巨任务的人
»the great white hope of the Tory Left. 保守党左翼寄予巨大希望的人。

【语源】1. 1911: originally referring to a white boxer thought capable of beating Jack Johnson, the first black world heavyweight champion



»give she lavender oil. 把熏衣草油给她。
[Austral./NZ informal] it (used to refer to something not usually regarded as female) • [澳/新西兰，非正式] 它（用于通常不被看作是女性之物）
»reckon some decent weather and she'll be right. 料想天气不错，它就会转好的。
any female person • 女子
»she who rocks the cradle rules the world. 摇摇篮的女子统治这个世界。
◙ noun
1. [in sing.] a female; a woman • 女子；妇女


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★☆☆ shelduck
/ ˈʃeldʌk /◙ [复同单，或 shelducks]
1. a large goose-like Old World duck with brightly coloured plumage, typically showing black and white wings in flight • 麻鸭，翘鼻麻鸭
2. Genus Tadorna, family Anatidae: several species, in particular T. tadorna of Eurasian coasts, with white, greenish-black, and chestnut plumage • 麻鸭属，鸭科：数种，尤指欧亚沿海的翘鼻麻鸭，羽毛呈白、墨绿和栗色


1. [mass noun] psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare, especially being under bombardment • 炮弹休克，战场精神失常症，战斗疲劳症。(亦称 combat fatigue)

【派生】♦ shell-shocked adjective

【语源】1. First World War: with reference to exposure to shellfire





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★☆☆ Sheol
/ ˈʃi:əul /1. the Hebrew underworld, abode of the dead • （希伯来）冥府，阴司

【语源】1. Hebrew

◙ noun
1. [一般作 shivers] each of the small fragments into which something such as glass is shattered when broken; a splinter • 碎片；裂片
◙ verb
1. [no obj.] (rare)break into such splinters or fragments • [罕] 粉碎；敲碎
»the world seemed to shiver into a million splinters of prismatic colour. 世界似乎碎成数百万五光十色的裂片。

【IDIOMS】◘ shiver my timbers

/ nʊˈrəʊsɪs , njʊ- /◙ (pl. neuroses -siːz)
1. [Medicine] a relatively mild mental illness that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress (depression, anxiety, obsessive behaviour, hypochondria) but not a radical loss of touch with reality • [医] 神经机能病，神经（官能）症。
› compare psychosis
(in non-technical use) excessive and irrational anxiety or obsession • （非技术用语）恐惧症
»apprehension over mounting debt has created a collective neurosis in the business world. 对债务攀升的忧惧在商界造成了集体性的恐惧症。

【语源】1. mid 18th cent.: modern Latin, from neuro- 'of nerves' + -osis

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★☆☆ neutral
/ ˈnju:trəl /◙ adjective
1. not helping or supporting either of two opposing sides, especially states at war; impartial • 中立的
»during the Second World War Portugal was neutral. 二战期间，葡萄牙保持中立。
belonging to an impartial party, state, or group • 中立党派的；中立国的；中立团体的
»on neutral ground. 处中立立场。



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★☆☆ New Age music◙ noun
1. [mass noun] a style of chiefly instrumental music characterized by light melodic harmonies, improvisation, and sounds reproduced from the natural world, intended to promote serenity • 新时代音乐






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★☆☆ New Guinea1. an island in the western South Pacific, off the north coast of Australia, the second-largest island in the world (following Greenland). It is divided into two parts: the western half comprises part of Irian Jaya, a province of Indonesia, the eastern half forms part of Papua New Guinea • 新几内亚岛（南太平洋西部一个岛屿，位于澳洲以北，是继格陵兰岛之后的世界第二大岛；被分为两个部分，西半岛属于印度尼西亚的伊里安查亚省，东半岛是巴布亚新几内亚的一部分）

【派生】♦ New Guinean noun & adjective




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★☆☆ New World1. North and South America regarded collectively in relation to Europe, especially after the early voyages of European explorers • [总称] 新大陆



3. almost • 几乎，差不多
»Charles knew next to nothing about farming. 查尔斯对农事几乎一无所知。
4. in comparison with • 与…相比
»next to her I felt like a fraud. 与她比起来，我感觉自己像个骗子。
◘ the next world
1. (according to some religious beliefs) the place where one goes after death • （某些宗教信仰中的）阴间，地府
◘ what next (或 whatever next)


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★☆☆ Niflheim
/ ˈnivəlheim /əScandinavian Mythology] ə斯堪的纳维亚神话]
1. an underworld of eternal cold, darkness, and mist inhabited by those who died of old age or illness • （老死者和病死者居住的永远寒冷、黑暗和多雾的）死人国

【语源】1. from Old Norse Niflheimr, literally world of mist'




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★☆☆ Nigeria
/ naiˈdʒiəriə /1. a country on the coast of θest æfrica, bordered by the ɔiver ŋiger to the north; pop. 88,ˈ14,ˈ00 (1ˌˌ1); languages, ənglish (official), Hausa, ɪbo, Yoruba, and others; capital, æbuja • 尼日利亚（西非沿海国家，北以尼日尔河为界；1991年人口88,514,500；语言有英语 ［官方语言］、豪萨语、伊博语、约鲁巴语和其他语言；首都阿布贾）
2. The site of highly developed kingdoms in the Middle Ages, the area came under British influence during the 19th century and was made into a single colony in 1914. Independence came in 1960 and the state became a federal republic in 1963, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. Oil was discovered in the 1960s and 1970s, since when Nigeria has emerged as one of the world's major exporters. The country was suspended from the Commonwealth in 1995 following the execution of the writer and activist Ken Saro-Wiwa

【派生】♦ Nigerian adjective & noun

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★☆☆ nightside
/ ˈnaitsaid /◙ noun
1. [Astronomy] the side of a planet or moon that is facing away from the sun and is therefore in darkness • [天文] 阴面（行星或卫星因背对太阳而处于黑暗中的那面）
2. [mass noun] (chiefly US)the world at night; activities that take place during the night • [主美] 夜间世界；夜生活



»the family firm was absorbed into a larger group. 此家族公司为一个更大的集团所吞并。
use or take up (time or resources) • 占用（时间，资源）
»arms spending absorbs roughly two per cent of the national income. 军备开支约占了国民收入的2%。
take up and reduce the effect or intensity of (sound or an impact) • 吸收，消减（声音，冲击）
»deep-pile carpets absorbed all sound of the outside world. 长毛绒地毯吸收了外界的一切声音。
2. engross the attention of (someone) • 吸引（某人）的注意力，使全神贯注
»the work absorbed him and continued to make him happy. 工作吸引了他的注意力并使他感到其乐无穷。

1. the process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another • （被）吸收；（被）合并
»East Germany's absorption into West Germany. 东德并入西德。
»shock absorption. 减震。
2. the fact or state of being engrossed in something • 被吸引；全神贯注
»her absorption in the problems of the Third World. 她对第三世界问题的专注。

【派生】♦ absorptive adjective


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★☆☆ acanthus
/ əūkænθəs /◙ noun
1. a herbaceous plant or shrub with bold flower spikes and spiny decorative leaves, found in warm regions of the Old World • 老鼠簕属植物，爵床，莨苕
2. Genus Acanthus, family Acanthaceae: many species, including bear's breeches • 爵床属，爵床科： 多种，包括老鼠簕属植物
[Architecture] a conventionalized representation of an acanthus leaf, used especially as a decoration for Corinthian column capitals • [建筑] 莨苕叶形装饰; 叶板（尤指用于科林斯柱的装饰图案）

★☆☆ crawler
/ ˈkrɔ:lə /◙ noun
1. a thing that crawls or moves at a slow pace, especially an insect or a slow-moving vehicle • 爬行物；（尤指昆虫或车辆等）缓速前进物
a tractor or other vehicle moving on an endless caterpillar track • 履带拖拉机；履带式车辆
[Computing] a program that searches the World Wide Web, typically in order to create an index of data • [计算机] 机器人；蜘蛛（一种搜索万维网以建立数据库的程序）
2. [Brit. informal] a person who behaves obsequiously in the hope of advantage or advancement • [英.，非正式] 卑躬屈膝者；谄媚奉承者


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★☆☆ cremate
/ ˈkri:ˌmeɪt , krɪˈmeɪt /◙ verb
1. [with obj.] [一般作 be cremated] dispose of (a dead person's body) by burning it to ashes, typically after a funeral ceremony • 火化；火葬
2. In the ancient civilized world cremating the dead was the normal custom except in Egypt, Judaea, and China. Belief in bodily resurrection made the practice repugnant to the early Christians, and by the 5th century it had been abandoned throughout the Roman Empire. Cremation was revived in the West in the 19th century; in the East it has remained the most general method of disposal of the dead

【派生】♦ cremation noun

◙ verb
1. [with obj.] [常作 be crewed] provide (a craft or vehicle) with a group of people to operate it • 给（飞机、车辆等）配备工作人员
»normally the boat is crewed by 5 people. 一般情况下，这种小船有五个工作人员。
[no obj.] act as a member of a crew, subordinate to a captain • 作工作人员
»I've never crewed for a world-famous yachtsman before. 我还从未为世界闻名的游艇主工作过。

【派生】♦ crewman noun pl. -men

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★☆☆ Croatia
/ krəuˈeiʃjə /1. a country in Sə əurope, formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia; pop. 4,ˌ60,000 (est. 1ˌˌ1); language, ɔroatian; capital, ɛagreb. ɔroatian name Hrvatska • 克罗地亚（欧洲东南部一国家，曾是南斯拉夫组成的一共和国，1991年估计人口4,760,000；语言为克罗地亚语，首都萨格勒布；。 克罗地亚语名 Hrvatska）

【用法】1. Apart from a period of Turkish rule in the 16th–17th centuries, Croatia largely remained linked with Hungary until 1918, when it joined the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). After a period in the Second World War as a Nazi puppet state (1941–5), Croatia became part of Yugoslavia once more and remained a constituent republic until it declared itself independent in 1991. The secession of Croatia led to war between Croats and the Serb minority, and with Serbia; a ceasefire was called in 1992



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★☆☆ distant
/ ˈdistənt /◙ adjective
1. far away in space or time • 遥远的；久远的
»distant parts of the world. 世界上遥远的地方。
»I remember that distant afternoon. 我记得很久之前的那个下午。
[predic.] (after a measurement) at a specified distance • 在特定距离之外的

【语源】1. late Middle English (originally as a verb in the senses 'dilute' and 'steep'): from Old French destremper or late Latin distemperare 'soak'distemper²
◙ noun, [mass noun]
1. a viral disease of some animals, especially dogs, causing fever, coughing, and catarrh • （动物，尤指狗的）温热症
2. (archaic)political disorder • [古] 政治动乱
»an attempt to illuminate the moral roots of the modern world's distemper. 说明现代世界政治动乱的道德根源的努力。

【语源】1. mid 16th cent. (originally in the sense 'bad temper', later 'illness'): from Middle English distemper 'upset, derange', from late Latin distemperare 'soak, mix in the wrong proportions', from dis- 'thoroughly' + temperare 'mingle'. Compare with temper. Sense 1 dates from the mid 18th cent

/ disˈtribju:t /◙ verb, [with obj.]
1. give a share or a unit of (something) to each of a number of recipients • 分发；分配
»information leaflets are being distributed to hotels and guest houses. 资料传单正在被分发到旅馆和宾馆。
supply (goods) to shops and other businesses that sell to consumers • 批发，分销
»the journal is distributed worldwide. 期刊分销世界各地。
(be distributed)occur throughout an area • 分布
»the birds are mainly distributed in marshes and river valleys. 这些鸟主要分布在湿地和河谷。

★☆☆ dit
/ dit /◙ noun
1. (in the Morse system) another term for dot • 同 dot （用于莫尔斯电码）

【语源】1. Second World War: imitative



»the dizzying rate of change. 令人困惑的变化速度。
»her nearness dizzied him. 她的靠近令他晕眩。

【IDIOMS】◘ the dizzy heights
1. [informal] a position of worldly importance • [非正式] 重要的位置
»he soon reached the dizzy heights of his own series. 他很快在他这个系列身居高位。


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★☆☆ D notice◙ noun
1. [Brit.] a government notice issued to news editors requiring them not to publicize certain information for reasons of national security • [英] 国防机密通知（出于国家安全原因，政府发给新闻编辑要求他们不要发布某一信息的通知）

【语源】1. Second World War: D for defence



»I was speeding, doing seventy-five. 我在加速，开到了75。
make (a particular journey) • 旅行
»last time I did Oxford–york return by train it was £40. 上次我坐牛津到约克的往返火车旅行时，票价是40英镑。
achieve (a specified sales figure) • 达到（

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